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PDC Dv k DoD
l
DN  . 40 Do 21 qC wC @ @G@O@W@ D@C P@D@C Cok
kF Dv k Ml F . 50 p 28  Mpd A MkD@@zD@q
vDv Pw  P@@h D@F Cp@@ Co A D@ 8 D@N 6 kl@d@
p pGo  PDC uDwd D ok Co F  ,k pKvDDw
.kD pv PJ kp 
 PznD DF V MDl pv pF Mpd A Pd D l@Z
qpC F DN fkCkoCp qC xJ .lDWC (xF NA) f F PD@@ ok
CpOC ko khDOvk hpF v qC  wC  GOW DC
DOiGzh .vDvClO   Dzk v qC @  l@z @C
D Co Dw C, qC xJ DDC xKv  GO@W@ D@C @i@z
DV F A Pe P@e@ ok l@kp@N D@V  @O@hD@v @zo
F ev Od D w pC  PvC C Pd  .lCkD
kqClF A qDA D lZt F Mpd A PDC @D@v k j@oD@N
.lz lCh d C CpFf Dw eN  p lF
 ,kDOC Dlk qC Co ioDN kClo @C ,@i@F @C ok D@
CoDzC F ko p ok  @@ @vop@F @Fp@W@N @ @vD@@v
.D lwFDN
z p qC DC
  C  pGDJ d DV DC  koCk kD@O@C @@@z
lD o C qC ,koCk yk F Co Mpd A Pw@ oD@F  P@vC@A
PvC ok F v  l DGOzC  Dh qC @ P@vC @@@C
FD N PvC C pC @F l@@@ @@  l@@@ @a@A
 CoCk DC .⁽¹⁾koCk oDOhC ok @ P@vC @@@@Co@O@vkD@F
,pNDCk ,pND  ,PvC A C l@d ok @D@w@CMD@@
C ok  DDC  PvC kp ..  pODWz ,pODA,pO@kD@
CpZ  Z F pGDJ lD lDF  DC qC .⁽²⁾ lDw@MD@@
qC   D ,PwW J C pF oD b ok  ⁽³⁾kpPDC
⁽⁴⁾.kDOC pNV lDG pGDJ Clh
kDOC Dlk qC f
PwPdF DC oD  lCk ,kDOC  l  pFDF z
pC  .PvCh DC wN o C qC  kpG J A w F Zp
F  PpDN pF k lz NDCpOC DDC EDeC qC DDdC
lDp  fvok Co DC D  PvC kF DC oDFok DA ev
.lCOhDz p
kDOCDlk qC wC  wd DC f ,DF HD F VN DF
lO zDd  ok  .PvC OpnJ  lz d D @z
r qoA vDv @ FpWN  @@@ p@@ qC f@@ @C @ P@vC
lCok FpWN DF  DA kp p pC  kF d F p
F rZ Cof C  Pp J Co z  kF  p@k
.PwCk V ok qpJ qC ok
 Dlk qC f
 loClDA vC MCop  DdC W COe qC  Dw
 CpCCo F W ok l D Cq  qC D@@@N Co @vC
ZhpF .lFDok Co @vC Cl@O@C Co  l@o@ @p@@N
 D f oClp l ok l Cpz p ok vC  loClJ@
Dew FC ClC  p DF  PvC CoA  v  pF
Co wC wd DC MkDz o C qC ,koCl CD vD@@d 
FC k vC loClJ ,x F hpF  .lpF Cv pq
qC ,PvC MkDz  hoClp Cpz p ok  PvC e vDd 
CpZ  Z A ok  loCk CpOCwC  wd DC f F o C
.l
F f k  PvC V k  D@@ @vC @ @No@ ok
izCpFDF .lzDF Z Pe DN ,f k   PvC V k
wCDwd DC  wd DC yo D DN b pos
l lDoCorF DC k C ok Oi do k  lF
PzCk oCp wdDC Cpz ok wd DC pC  kz lO@@ 
A pF D pDDJ DN r lF Dv k  ,kp aDZ kp f@@
F N PzCk oCpwd DC Cpz ok wd DC pC  .lD@ oCkD@
DZ lVh h p@ @p@hA D@N  kCk@ MkD@@z
. ...kCk D Co MkDzkDA DC  lA J f qC xJ DqCp
F CDw ,kD@V @F @Fp@ D@w@ ok @vC @@ ok D@vD@vC
DJ  xFNA  koCk kV ((kD@)) D@ ((@l@))D@
D F  ,PvC f D C )  Nl@ Cp@F p@@Nl@
 , fD  vDvC  kDOC C qC OzCkpF Pvk O@zA
DCF lvo Z kpnJ r kh iz oC ok kD kp  CoC
p k D kCkoCp @C .(@D@@O@VC  @@k o@C ok @ A
 d DV D  Dd lld F D@F p@@okp@@k
D f F vC  kz zo d C DF DF .kkpl@@
vC p qC aA ,l  kp v lk F MkD@z @@V
f  V  PvC @@@@w@  @vC P@e@@@ P@vCl@
CoDzA D p Ap Od ,A F FDOvk CpF P@vCC@@@v
.⁽⁵⁾lk f ypnJDp
wC  wd DC f qC J @vC j@oD@N ok p@D@h @l@F
wC    A   C  pG@D@@J f@@ qC koC@@F
ok ,DDw ,Mpd A GN F  vC pGDJ yo .ohpF
oOvk G PvC kF rAPDw yo , ok PSF Dv krv
DOC MkF DN  ⁽⁶⁾lOzCl Dew kDV qDVC @p@ Ap@
l ok A DN,lk pG Dp Wz  oCqA pF  lkp
qDF ⁽⁷⁾lFDqDVC Mol F lvo  Pd @@@@N qC x@J
f kCkoCpk DG qC hpF DF l ok vC pGDJ @@@F@
Dp DFFDeC DN o Gld ok Od  ⁽⁸⁾kl@F@
J ok Co DA qCF CpOC  DWA DN l oCppF f DJ 
.koA
hDv 25  Dh  Ppe Cok ok r wC  
 Xo eNDF  kpF pz F Pvk (35 @ 11) Dh P@@d ok
koCk  ok CiOvC Z ok oDh  w DwF ,CCp M
DS Dh pF yo ok Od  ⁽⁹⁾kpF pv F Dq Cpz DF
 kqCkpJ DDikp CoA F F l Ppz  O@@ 
CpOC ko  DWADN ,l d rAPDw Co qC Co oD lC@h@
pOzC D F OdDp ok r .kp@@ oCp@ D@A qC @hp@F
.((...ConF fF PvC   DWA DN)) :lk oOvk
Pe DWA  pF J A CCp pD  ioDN lCz C qC
kp pG PzCn pV pF Clk lDF l DOC w  @vC
V  kz  .lzDF V qC pNoCzk lDz pG Z 
.Pw vC E Cpz  ok MkDz 
FpWN @ vDv Dlk qC f
DC d wN Cpz p ok @@z @@A p@F @ @@O@@
,PDC  qC p p  ,lCl Co A w Z p PvC@
D r FpWN @ vDv Dlk qC wC  @w@d D@Cf@@
p  PvC kF fe @l@Cok o qC  @D@D@A @@D@
.l lDN Co A ,Cpz A qC DA oClOvDv
zowC  GOW DC Pd qDA D lZ joDN D DF
.PDOzA DGOvC F kh A  lz eN DC pF f  kz
.kp EDWCCo A vC oDJ o VoDh  hCk Cpz 

f VoDh C vopF
kF koh vC qC DDV D@Fp@ @p@z o o@Cp@K@C
pJ pF pR Fp DN kF GvD P@p@ @@@ ok @@@@
Dz DKv lF pGh  D .l koC qo A olO@@@vC
lA Pvk F GvD Pp  lkDOC p F ,l@@vo D@@o@F
lkF d oClN ok  ,lpF yo vC qpv pF lC@N@@
⁽¹⁰⁾...kp GJ Co DA Ozo f CpVD
f hCk C vopF
CoD  Dzk qC Cp@Z P@vC q @C@ @C @vop@F Cp@F
: vpN   Dz kp  D ,DC
D @1
.kFvC pk zk   Dp xo DvFC lqp D@
C pGDJ Pdo qC G Dv k  pW O D@v ok 
D oDzok  k vC oDC oDZD F  fO ok A  @@@
 Clh voDFq qC oDwF TkDdC ok C .lA ok (Dl@z kCqA)
pDv  C  ⁽¹¹⁾PvCOp oCp p   ko A  @@@ C
F lV pGDJ pGpF  DqF Mo F Do D ok CF
 pWz pAp ok ClDh C  ⁽¹²⁾llz lDD pGD@J
.⁽¹³⁾PvC lz lD (lz p Phok)
DvFC Flr yokCpF Cp F pFFC Pd phCC ok @D@@
ok yokCpF 19 D 18 Dv ok  lz kDOvp DWA F Dz f@O@ Cp@F
EDz MoDC F p v qC ,Po D@@k qC yC@@ @D@
PwF Ml kF Dz C DS Ph DDJ DN Dv A qC  ,lkp
ok .lCk ovC Pd ok CF pDv Cp F D@v l@C
Co joDN o  kqpv qC NDDV Pd  MoDC Dv Z 
DS F Dz qC Co (C do)omFC PDz  kF C .PvC kp Dv
DGp p ,PD ok  nFoF DN  A lGN HGv  P@z@
.lz 
Mpd A DF PF qC wC   l@@vo P@@h @F qC x@J
PhClC Co F Co  V .lz D Mpd A p@F  P@D@Np@Fp@v
oD V qC oDhC EDe@C qC oD@@w@F l@z @O@@ H@V@
le Z orF Ckp ,prN  d DF A  ,lkp@p@vD@
  D ok .lDvo MkDz F Co pOzC @D@  p@@F @FC@F
DSC CpDKZ kF pk oC  UoCh DO ppv w@C@@@
Dpz pF  kDOvp Co lD  F Dv  D@oC @Fp@w@F
 oDO F Pvk  lkp d pF   , ,@l@,@@
zo kDq DG DF Co wC  @ CoD@  .l@kq@MoD@
.kp HV kh v F lph
DJ pqCo kCkoCp kC  ,wC  GOW wd DC DF f qC xJ
 CoDzAkDC  MDDV  V DGh ok  pG o pF ,kD
 kp VJMpd A Dz qC ,kCk Dzk Co wC @
O F  kppOvk kpF@ C ok @@@N D@@ Co x@ p@
.lDvo MkDz F CoD DF CoD  l FpWd V qC ,lDvo@
,koD Ph FCo lr ,kp w Co wC  G@O@W@ D@C
Clh vo oDG DkpF F qC ok  ,liF P Co CF oCpzC
.⁽¹⁴⁾Pw DJ qC CeMpd A Pv  A   C 
kp o  pq Co vC DdC,Pp DFo ,koh ECpz CoD@zA
.kp CpOC C pF w  lCh GzoDZqo ok Co V qD Od
DDA qC hpF  kF Op kh v MDGN F Co kp ClZ
D rV lDh A  @ C @@ p@G@D@@J l@kp@@
 kF kq DV le d HND Co kh .⁽¹⁵⁾koCl CoD@O@vk
Co kh kF Clh vo pw G@G@d C yp@C@h @@A @@k@F
FC F le C Dp F  ,lD (D Ck) CDh
Co C qDV  lO kF D Ck  D okCpF @ C @ Cop@@F
!lkq NA kp C PvJok
A D@F  kp@@ P@D@@d D@@S@ qC @k @@ k@h @@A D@F
C oD F loCk Co DS O l l F@@CP@w@Ck@
CpJ ,PzCkpF PDi  lz O DS  ,P@D@O@@
Dz kp prN C DF  PvDhpF C Cih F  kp rpF Co DS
!lCoz wC   lpF Co
lvo,kDG oC DWC , oDFkpF ,oClOvDv qC joDN ok OGC
Oo Div PGS MD qC hpF  oDOJ  P ,kp oC @F
 PzPlh ok Co DC    lz oAkD l@D@F @ ,P@vC
DWA DN DAF  kF kCk oCp oekh  rOv @d  qD@F@@d
,DdoF,MDDV p kz DN  kv F @ k@F l@@G@D@J
ld F ClDh C rCD  kApz DC  DpeN ,D@ok
d  F .PvCkp Dv Co Tld  joDN D@FD@O@ @ P@vC
:Dv

l p l pwJ DOvCk

lvo Z pGJ F C x v  C qC 

PwF pGJ Clk ok C olJ

lF pGJ  pV C okD

kDOwF pGJ kDCk d ,dD F C

lpGF pGJ lqp pv C pwJ

kDF Ppz  P N  Z pF

lr A   Clr C 

DDz @2
Dv FC F lr O D@@Z  l@z f@O@ . 14 D@v ok D@z
 lkF lk pGDJ  A kp .D C qC x@J  l@z D@W@A@D@d
kFD lOwCk vC qC aA .Co Mpd A PCp DF EDeC@
Co FDeC  lkF Oh@A D@A CoD@@@@  @@C@@F qC @
d F Cp  D DSC CJ p DD lOhD@z@@
. ...lkF Pvk C qC oCpzC  D  p
Co Dz kp@ D@@@t@ qC C@@z ,@@C go@ k@@w@
:kpzpFZ
pv pF Dz qC kp DF  qC kp ,@ qC P@@qD@F D@@@
 koA lDz N DWJ Dz kp ,lkp Cr (CkD pOz)C@D@
C F Co pOz  kp d C kv F D .PvC kp C A qCD@ @C
D !D  PvC (p pOz) V C :P@@ @@ kp@.kp@K@v
kp D ok xKv .koCl PqDF  lz  PvC @@d:P@@
CpF :P  kCk C F rCV Cp F Co pOz J  PvChCo 
p  ClA C V F p oCr l kClN DF   pGF DJ@
!l kD  p pOzD
qC k  DV DF  V ok  lkF C Op ClZ D@z kp@
Co oD)):kp pGDJ lOwCk@ @@A D@F .l@kp@@ D@kC
D  p prN Hp  lO Co C ((l p@@@O@vp@
V F Co C  P  F O Co oD@ D@ @ l@ko@hCo
C pF Co kh Dk  lkCk Dzk Co wC  @@ !koAD@
lvpKF kh qC  lA kh F Ce A F lkp P@Fp@NoD@
. ...?kz O CrvD lDF CpZ  Pw 
qC kDOC ok A DN lk CkC q @C ok Co @i@v k@@w@
Co w kF  PvC A D kp @hC :l@@ C@kp@
qC ,l kCl lCk Co kCvF iz  lkpzor@F
DF qC Co d ,l p@@J l@vo Mol@ @F @ @@D@p@
rV  xDW ok kz lk o @@ qC ,l@@k@@r@@@N
poD  pD pC DC .Pw pGh C qC  l PzCh
qCkpKok  DF DwC  qp VD@d  D@o  qD@F @@@
Op ok Cr DV ok D p D lz V C kp l@G@FCo
kp DWA ok lrA oCk F D  lq@ @O@ Co @w@ l@zD@F
⁽¹⁶⁾lA
lk iN Co lF   ,kz Dzpv p@@@  p@@
 Cp pGDJ  PvDWC ,lvDz qDF pD@ qC Co @@
 ,kpDz  D :l@C@O@vk k kp@)) :k@p@ @A  @@@C
  ((.koCl DA F p lClh  lCDF D@v@@@F
v F kDF p DF  lCDzDh  oD@h)) :k@p@ @w@C@@@
PJ e DN F  lp pF @@ o@ qC,l@o@
.((lk
,kp Mk Dv (v  PwF D) k  PwF vC p@G@D@@J @@G@F
DDv A ok  ,lOz  F  Co A EDe@C ,l@z qD@@d
(kpF pv F Dp D  ok) lCk Clh  kF DWAD@@
CD  koA vC pD F pGDJ pz p phA Dv k okx@K@v
DDV,lCk d HND Co C P A ,Pz Mpd A CpFlZ
qC D  l Cpk qC Co pz D C  lD C CpF t
⁽¹⁷⁾. ...!lpF Cpk
cpz C .D@z kp@ P@zn@p@v  @hC qC C@@z k@F @C
.((W C qC CiF  Tld kh))  pF Co DDd
D @3
Co DC CoD  A CpC  A Cp@C D@p@@z  @@ kp@
:llz N p lZ qC lkCkN
.DC Pp DF  Dh Dz  D DF  l CoD @ C
.lkF D  MpR  D WOwV ok  DOvpJ Dk @ k
V CkC ok D d iN ok k k oCkz kCpC @ v
.lkp pJ kh G xo qC   DGO @ oDZ
DF VoDOvCh pD ok  lOzCl Co DC oD l  UoCh @ WJ
.lkF D
wC  CpJ pDv , C p rV  PvC oAkD @F q
Af D F z llz lD qo A @z D@ @F @
pGDJF  d F DV Co wC    Dw @)
qC peDv XJ  PwF  ok Co C  lClF A   C @@
oDZh Co Mpd A F ,l@k@G@ (l@@vD@@@F k@h @d
C DF  PF  koCk  iz DOD DF  lOhD@@z@
ZDC HVC   DC  ,PvC l@vo P@@h @F l@z
oClp CpZ ZF  l ok l o C qC .A   C  pGDJ
F Pvk PwCOwC   F Cn ,lkG@ Mp@@d A
PzCk UCo Dq Aok  Co DOlF qC oDwF  lrF  MD@d@C
Npd DDKv  PvDhpFkp Cp vC kDp Cpq ,kqClCpF
.⁽¹⁸⁾llz lCpJ
F r wCD wd DC  @w@d D@C CoD@ ok @O@@ @C
.kohZ
OhDGDJ CoD kClN qC wC  GOW DC Zp @ C p
GCDF COF  kG CqClC F DA oDz  kF oCkohpF ok
Ck Co kokDN  DA lV o C qC .l pFCpF Dz oCpV DKv
 PooDz F CpGV FDp Dq DNkDz @@F kp@@@
.kDDF D CpF qDF  Dh Co qDN  PhDN e