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l
dpC dpC C wF
wVk pF O PvC CW loCk o @J ok @ @FD@O@
w)) CPeN p Np kDOvC lz pO Cp@@i@v
ok 1356 Dv Dk  DomADF pFCpF 1397 Dv pe ok  ((PhDz
C  ok A wV P) PvClz kCpC (CpN) l@d@N @D@
 ok A wV qC O  D F p phA wV k  p@e@
G wV qC O  D F  p phA @w@@Vk  p@e@ C
kGPGvDF ,TeF CpF  C EDiOC .(lClkpoCrpF
qC  PvC w Dw qC PhDz w C qC Ozn .PvC
,koCk P kh khF  kF ClCk TeF ko qD@F p@k
ok .PvC OzCk Dh   DC A ok TeF C kp cp
 @ lOzCk v p PD DOwwoD@@v qC D@q A
vC cDV N PV r D@@D@z @so@v qC D@@@F
Cpv slC p@@N qC p@@k @v qC  @ l@l@z@P@D@@d
Dv k kld ((CpC @h @l@D@W@)) @F @v@D@qD@v
VDN l Dw DCV W@@O@ ok .P@zn@@@p@O@@@F
@ PwwoD DlC Dh @ DF D@l@Ckp@O@w@
Pvkok DOwDpND DC MDGz ko PV q DivD@J l@k@F
.lOzCl
D puDz w C ,lz kDOvC  kF CdC  DC Z ok
,pk uDwd Ca ,vC slC oDCl oCl@vD@J @C 
DlC DJF ((PhDzw )) cp DF  PwF P p@@
DCV  PhDv oDzA Co EDF C ok vClC DeOvC  D@F
 kF Dd ok C  ,k lC  pN cv F fwCo D@w@
qC DSeF C kCpC qC G Dv @v kl@d @@@ 53 D@v qCkD@O@vC
pDh F  lkF lz pG@@@C @@@ @O@zn@ @so@v
ok lkCk N Co MDwV C pC C F DOC lF ,PC
 .lkpPpz @ DWCk Dh @ D@C@V qC @N CoCr@ A
DWC pv ,PzCk uCpvC DlC DF DCV DzA qC  so
r F PqDF Co Fok ,wV k D@@NC qC x@J Co kD@O@vC
 Dz p  CoD CvC F jvDJ ok kDOvC  k pOvk
uok DC)) :lkF kp lkp CpivCpZ xJ lOw pG@@C
lZ u D)) :lkF O jvDJ ok DA  ((PwCpiv ,PvC
lF wV ok  P@vC p@m @FD@ .((@k@F l@l@ p@@oCr@
ldND F  lOzCl C kDOvC pOvk qC  DWCkGC
DJ F PDVqD DFDh ok ,pC @C qC @C qC x@J ,l@k@F l@A
kD  PvDV F DWCok .lk DJ pF v MCpDN xKv lO@zCk
ldN D Ppl DC Aok  Co pDF pOk vC PWd l@z
lk DC   MDwV CoCrpF ok  lOzCk l F Co
.oClF Cp
NF  kDOvC  lkp N CDv vN Dvok C ,oDF
TeFqC  kld PvC lz Te@F @ oCl@@ @C  l@l@@ A
wV ok kDOvCkh DZ ,lk N Co ((PhDz @w@))
:l Z ,PGvD F Dvok C O
 .PGe DWC ok kF DF  PvC Gz P A phA H@C))
PhDz TeFDw  Hz P ok COF lDz  kp Dh
,wV C DN D .PvCpNkpOw TeF Ck lk lF   DF Co
DF oDOhC F Co F  OCo PhDz TdDG qC TeG P@
C qC F  oCk w q oCl@ qCl@C @F ...@kp@
pO .PvC pOF OC Ozn Dw@@F qC @C D@w@
((...Pw
:F op Co O lZ pm DDJ ok
DvDN DGzDF DC oDN pDh F O  z  WJ MDwV ok @1
RkDd CpJ TeF FDOhC TeF qC  ,w@d Co@zD@ 
Ow TeF  Mo F wV v C  PvC lz kCk Fp
vDd)) EDO k lV ok ((wdD P@D@)) C@@ @F
.PvC lvoIDZ F ((wd
lz kDOvCD F ((PhDz w)) C PeN EDO k @G@ @2
lF kF D D F DA qC   w p p@zD@ k @v@N
P DF  PvC lkppO ((MoD Coz)) qC qDVC Hw
DC D ok OGC  ,lClz pCCp MDDGOzC  ED oDwF
F pV DA klW IDZ qC  lA F q D@ MD@Cl@C
.lA 
F r(( wG cpz)) v lV ok ,P@hD@@z T@e@F @3
TeF ko cp DR M  C M qC TeF PG@vD@@
TeF Gv DF DWA okTeF Gv OGC  PvC lz C cp DOGw
ok  ,koCk w GVDp TeF DWA ok ,koCk MDN D@W@@C ok
.koCk r vDCo  Ap GV VqC  pk DGV TeF DWC
loCk ((Ap ok PhDz)) C PeN SeFlz kDOvC a@
.lz lCh pO kr lAok r A 
l@C MD@d@C qC @O@zn@ ,@@@W@ @C @@@@N ok @4
 l DWC kDOvC DF ok p@N  @hk @@@a@@@NoD@G@
.PvC lkp d HD PDC  oDOPDd
.D Pw pOF N DO Clh qC
p Np lz kDOvC oDRA p pF MoD Coz
PhDz DC
PhDz p kDC  PC
dpC dpC C wF
 Dlv CC VC iC oDF DC Eo l@@e@C
.pDC C  le DG
D PhDzDw .PvC Ap p qC PhDz w D T@e@F @@
((pC p))DFq Fp qpC D pGN F  PhDz p
qClC F Cw pO ,PvC kp ClJ kDC  P@@C qp@C
C ?CpZ ,kz OhDz  qpC,PhDz w F Fp Dw
.z w kh koC lF , DF Co w CPC P lDF 
PC DwC  DslC ,DGO ,DOVC Dw@qp@C
OzCk pN lCh  w p  PvC kp Cl@@J CkD@@C
qC k ,lzDF kpG   uDvC pF Co ykh lq  lzDF
DF qpC ,DwC  DslC DGO .lq s@l@C  H@O@@
 lCh Dd kh CpF GO p,lOw rOv  kpG ok pl
ok  lD  oDC V .krhpF ykhDDd PD@d @F
ok lD  oDC DGD @Z @FD@v Cok ok @ ,P@vCk@F D@@k
@ A ,C@h D@@ qC ,k@F @e@ p@@ D@w@Cp@C
DOVCDw Z qpC  ,kp qDWN DDiCDh
 DGO V ,lD V oCqDF ,lC@O@zCn@ Cl@@ @F D@J
.PvCpOp  pOCk DwC  DslC
F DV  slC FCo
 qCp  D kp  CpZ ?lNDO pl DF D@s@l@C Cp@Z
qC pC ?pkslC qC pk p D kp  l Dk slC
C F N CpZ lvpKF PvC lO slC  @F @ @@i@z
w Co lF,OvwK pk A F  Ov@@J s@l@C
 DslC .PvC FDV w A  l cp@ Co p@@k
DFDV ,DslC D N.lOw DF DV kCq DGO@
  eN   pwN ,PzCkpF  F DV .l@@O@w@
.koCk joDN  DV  DwC oDFok  DV Ow oDFok DwC
DV p  ,PvC Oi DzDFDV ,Dp  kCpC
pC.pk  F pk p  l@@ p@@w@@N @@ @ Co
 DNZ ,PvC Oi slC ,lzDF Oi @@FD@@V
,PvC FDV PvCoCOvC A pF p GV qC slC  CDJ
,l i Co DlDG DlDF  GO @ s@l@C Cp@q
A F lvo CpF  l Mkl  F Co DwC  GO@@
Z ,kF lDF Z :l slC.lk CoC Co l@
,(lqDv kD qC) PhDv lDF Z ,lz lDF Z,Pw@q l@D@F
DV,qDwF lDF C Z G ,qDwF lDF Z Co kh@@@
,lk jvDJoC C F slC .qDwF lDF @@Z Co D@k@h
,F Z C, lq Z C ,yDF Z @C :l@@@
.qDwFCo kh DV aC ,qDwF Co kh aC
C lDFCpZ ,yDF Z C  N .koCk ((CpZ)) @ D@@@C
C CpZ , lqaC  ?zDG DZ A  zDF Z
Z C  ?lq DaA CpZ ? lq @Z
Co DCpZ C , EDiOC l ZC ,qDwF Co kh Z C ,@F
C   O :l ,lkjvDJ ((@@FD@@V))
Z C DV DOhDv ,PvC Z C OwZ ,yDF @@@Z
OD  Pd Z DV ,PvC kV @@ZD@w@C ,P@vC
 P Z Dw@C Co ,koCk @@@v  @@C@ @@@Z,koCk
FDV .PvC DaA D Z C DV ,koCk v  CZ
 DV pF DZ ,Pw Z ,Pw Z (C) qC lk pGh D F
v F DOpd ,PvC DdDV pF D Z ,PvC Dd DwC p@F
p .PwZ Ow C  koCk PpdZ PG ,PvC OV @Z
DV FDN D slC oDZD  p FDVko ok D  o
kD Co DV ,DwC  koCl D@C @S@ .k@F l@C@hD@ @@@F
lDVDV ok lq CpF  ,e kD Co DwC  lClFe
 Z ,zDFOzCk lDV MkDv Ch pC  l p@@ @
l  PvC C .PwoD ok lDV MkDv pk ,yDF DZ
PvC p DFpq r F F DV .PvCF DV kCq slC
DV ,lC  p DOvk  ok  ,DFo rF s@l@C 
 koCk Co o G d slC  pq G @@d@@@F
FCiF pC .PvC lz OhDv A MDDOC pF D@@F  A uD@vCp@F
F o C lDF , DF Dkh l D@@@ p@@G@@N
Pd ,pPd F DV  PvC  P@@d s@l@C
 Pd kCq pPd  ,PvC p Pd kCq @@
⁽¹⁾
DFDV OhC o
.PvCF DV kCq slC  lvo WO C F DWC DN x@J
Oi DFDV CpZ :kz cp pk Cv  Co D@W@@C
oDJ   ?Cpk  l@ p@@ kD@ @@ Cp@Z ?P@vC
pWO Co F DVA  lk HNp@N k  Ml@O@vC
Co pk F DV  lk HNpNpk k pk  l@
?l pWO
F C  lvDz C F Co DV C  P@vC @C EC@V
 F DVqC C PhDz  PvC C DV qC C PhDz ,p@k
C qC .A PhDz  lzDF fe C PhDz  kz  ,p@k
w  PvDV  .fe  PvC D@G@O@zC @@ @C k
pF C xJ  .kz cp PhDz  fe P@hD@@z
,PvC OhDz Z fe PhDz  GF  PhDz@w@ Cp@v
PvC C DV F  DV Cpv pF @@A qC @G@@@@
slCC F  slC Cpv pF A qC G  ,@AD@
Cl GF ,PhDzCpv pF lDF ,slC A D P@vC f@@e@
 Z  fe PhDz C , Cl  PvC fe P@hD@@z
.Z  PhDz
PhDz Dw Pl  PC
DV DJpF slC  HO .PvC slC  HO Dk ,D@@k
w PC F DwCDWC qC .PhDz DJ pF F DV  PvC F
kD F DV uDvCpF SslC A .kpF J P@hD@@z
A .PvC PhDz EDF ok Dh p uDvCpFkD F DV PvC
DVA  pk F DV uDvCpF koCk pk slCp@k
D  PvC C.koCk PhDz EDF ok  PvC Cp uDvCpF @@F
N lDF DFDV  DGO ,DslC oD@Fok T@e@F qC @G@
. zo Co PhDz w
ok ,PvCkp ClJ PC w C qpC  qClC A F kp p
PhDz w ,lkF kpG J w C PC F qpk D@V
A p qC Dv oCrk qC F  PvC l@ oD@@w@F @@w@ @
p)) C PeN FDFD ,vC Pd  w ok .kon@@
ok  Dw HC  ,oCl ((PhDzp))  ((pC
  F Fp Dw ok pO o F PvC cpP@hD@@z ED@F
Fp Dw  m kV F Fp Dw ,  @@ CokC
l qC CpFDF (.PvC lz cp) Dw@ MD@@@@  x@@@F
DwqpC  ,lkF kpF J F   w C P@C@F
.lq ok PhDzp CpC ok pOF  pOF llV Dk
Mop, cp Co PhDz F Fp Dw  Ch D@
Div CCpF  cp Co  Dw C ,koCl@ @
.lzDF OzCk 
PhDz DC
cp qpC  kF cp l qC  PhDz EDF ok iv @C
Co DV kzDA ?PvC  PhDz DA C @ P@vC @C P@vC
?PhDz Co Ow kzDA ?PhDz Co DwC kz DA ?PhD@@z
,PvC  p pF CpF PhDzl ,lp j@F qC Cl@
D pC  pF CpF DC  kDOCFD PhDz @ @@@
Pzpv ((p Ck@)) @@@ ((p@okC )) ,P@vC
HO h HO C  lvo p F ClOFC .PvCp@@F @O@e@
HOC CoClp D qC  ,Pw VN FD DvDvC  PvCOwv
,Pw CkDvoD DA F FCV  lCkp DC  oDwF k
.Pw CkDv oD F Ch,PvC p F Ch
.PhDz DC  CpJ
 lDDDz Co DA  lOw p ,Cpv qC lF Cok ok
k k C .⁽²⁾pJ D F PvC kp DA Piz pOp@
D pC OhDz:l ,PvC kp DC PhDz DC l pF
k  .PvC pF Oe Pzpv((Ck))  ((z)) ,PvC
OhDz oCrFC lvDF lCiF pC DwC :PvCC yCkDv oD@@w@F
qC. pk  PvC xd  ,oCl pOF  oCrFCk D ?Pw@@Z
:CDzD C :l  ? D l Dh xd DA :vpJDz
CCp DDSDC   Cm  Dz ,w ,pDF ,Dv Dh
.koCk Dh  llZ pDF DN  l@Ckp@ D@kC @@@F  koCk
.Pw kDOC FD ,PvDhFD  l Dh  rZ :l@
 pk DV ,PvC DGOzC F  @F@ D@V @ @O@
.kDOC A F CN F
.l Dh pO@@@F x@d qC @ A l@@@ ?o@@Z @@
xdxJ .lk go DGOzC DCk v  D  DlOvCok
pk rZ,k C qC p D  ,l Dh   ,l@@ D@@h
D ,lC  Zp oDFok   p  Co Z p xJ .oCl
DiCrDV k p C  ,kp D  ,D  D@ koCk P@D@hk D@ uC@d
.kp kDOC CNDC qC Cl b F xJ ,lOw
r z
 w Co ykh p  w A vC D D ok lCk
ykh oD Cr PvCCr PvC kp pz z qC Co ykh HO
 qC p k p .MoDk poD lD ,PvC kp pz @z qC Co
k p  lCkp pz z qC Co DzoDk p .lCkp Pr 
z qC  kCpC lOw  ,lCOD Pvk F  lOw l
Z  vC Dk ok Z ,lCl@D@ @ @z ok  l@Ckp@p@z
Cr. p pk P lDz Co aioDN C  Ep D@kok
 ,kp zrZ  ok l pz Co ykh  PvCh O
uCd Cpv .PvC kpz FD lk ,PhClC Pvk  DV p@ @F
nD   C  Pw V EDO,COw DWC C  P lA
phA ,z oCk Co DCl C  FoCk Co D C  O@vk ok
F ykh lF . z CN  C ok z Z p@ ok @
DA:P (lr DJ  lOwDF PwCO  DWC) kCk ECVykh
COw SECh D ok  Clk ECh Dd DN ol@Z !@Cr@
DF Co iv ,qpd Po  DF oCk ,w@@@ ED@O@
oCk  F ECh Dok PZ DF ,z Mk@h y@
p DFq qC Dz w DA .ohnn Cn oCk @@F@
:PCoDaF 

oCk CqDN uDG lk ECh ok Gz

oCk CqCA p  p ECiOho D

oCk CqClCF J DGV D

Co DC V Dp qDF lk  oClF lz

oV D ECh  Do D ok olZ N !@Cr@ D@A :P@@
D ok,PvC Pd   z C  o@D@@ ?Cl@k
DA ?PvC Pd  z p F  Co aA @ EC@h
z ECh D ok  lGFCo rZ ECh D ok w lClk Dz
DwC ECh D ok ?Dh D PvCPvok F  rZ A  l
,kz oClF O .lF Pvok lF Co Z p  koCl z
 oClF lz)) :PvC kG rZ  kF Dh   yC lF
C  lq DN  DW qC ((Co DC @@@V D@p@qD@F l@k
DWJ   Cr   DW qC ?l@zD@G@ or@F EC@h@
vol,kF  olJ ,lz lO lzDF okD  q  qC ,JDv
PDo DvlZ ,lCh uok Dv l@@Z ,kp@ UCkqC ,@O@o
DN GF  z oClFk  ,COw DWC ok  qpC  l
DN  oCk k Z ?PvCkG ECh  DW qC .kF ECh D@C
 COw w  C F C  ,  lq C
 ECh  CkC  ClJ p ClGk@h Cp@F @C@h@
ok Z PhDz w F VCo pF  lDvo DC ?lzD@G@
.l p DDrF pv
PhDz w  MoDk