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Fp RkDd  MDpeN
l
,kp((CozD ioDN C ok MDpeN)) oDFok  SeF C ok
:PvCw k pF peN  o F  kp p C @w@@V ok
kpp  ,do   peN pk  ,GD   pe@N
 ,PvC kDOC D Pvk F  Fp@ P@@@ D@F @a@i@oD@N @C
pF DqDv  pF Dkh qC D  ,PvC lz  pe@NoD@Zk
oDN Co Co  P DF joDN C pZ  COwF joDN CpJ
C ok D  ,Ckp Pzq Co A DGq D@  @D@@@
D Pvk ok ioDN RkDd C DvDO   ,kp@ p@@@@q
l  peN qC  peN  ,PvC kp ClJ pe@N
CpF orF RkDd C  PvC lz HGv  aA .PvC pODphoD@F
, MDpeN  PvC  MDpeN lOF P@D@h  p@RCqC D@
.PvC pOF  MDpeN v pRC qC  MDpeN v pRC
(( peN)) 
  qC D PvC  V  ok S ?Z   peN
Ao , pwN  VN Ch  DWA  ,kDq   
C  l pF  h pF Pvok   p@w@@N  @@V@N Co
p Z S   H C CpF  .l@zD@F @@@V@C
.kz zo HDN 
Co l lWw  qo ok (PvC w D qC) l@Ckp@ @@
pGJ kp DkD yN kDC  pvD oD  lkp@@D@@F
A CpN !oD C ⁽¹⁾(( DGC C ON !oDD)) :k@p@p@C
lDp  PvC Ap A F oDzC .lpv  lC@O@vk
cC DA D ok Dz llV pl DF DDw qCOvk k p@C
 pk Ovk A  F Dz ,kp pv Ovk p@C ,l@@@
oD oDFok pC pGJ  Co CV C lFkoC pv O@vk
ok  ok  oD Cn .kCk oD F orFP@@i@z ,k@p@
wC   p ok orF q,kF @Cp@@C P@l@h
oD  O DN  DC kCpC lkF Od ,lz kp@@z
DWC  EDo ok  lkG  q kF l @O@@
qo .PvC rDV C DDKv D O  ,PvC eF ,lk
 ,lz O D EDeCPvk F CpC p ok oD 
pOF .lA kD pGJ Tld lz lF DV  qC kDp @G@Np@
ND DC  PvC C lOw DFpF CoD  D C CpF k
C ON !oDD)) :kCk pGhOzn ok pC pGJ  lC oD
COOC C  DOD C)):A F PvC oDzC  ,((DG@C
Od GN OC CND phC DldC PF D DF CeD@
p  lz zo EDOA S pkqpC ⁽²⁾(( CpC @C  @@N
DF d  PvC pOv  D  pv ((DF)) p ,D@@
 , Dp  F lDF A p F xJ ,PvC  Dp@@
.lz V koC D Dp
d DF   D .kp kDWC D p ok rrN  C
 peN  F Pvk DWC ,kpF  J Co kh oD @p@@
iv Z oD oDFok pGJ P  kp oDC lz @Z,kq
MkDz  lkF DV D ok kA p lDJ lDz Z ,PvCO@@@
C  lz w qC D  lz pGJ qC Co V C D lkCk
oDC FD oD oDFok pGJ V C ,CpFDF .kF lzpG@J qC
 peN  F Pvk lOp N FDeC  D.k@G@
D lO ,lkp CpOC llA DDz O.l@@r@F
C ON)) :kp pGJ  !O Co oD D ?@@@@Z
 kp pGJ ,PvC Pvok ,lCkp DGOzC P((@D@G@C
 ,l pv p ,pv D ,pv@ A Co oD@@
.lO D Dp ,O D :lO !O@D@ @ Co oD@@
MDGV  koA DWC F Co C  O Co oD@ ,@ :P@@@
 D ,kp CpOC lA  xp .kp Cp Co @O@@
p F Co C  lkp Co Co C mVN Z DF D p
.llCkp pF
 oCkDk ,PvC ykh LN DA qC @ .koCk p@w@J k D@ p@@
yolJ DF  kF DC DF   CV DOG@w@ p@@k ,P@vp@JD@@k
pDd ClG  wV  ok .PvC ClG C vC .kpD
pd Z C P ClG .lkpF oDF Co   @@k@F
!?l Dz  PvC oD  Z C lq D@@z@ P@vC
P !F lO !?P Co C  xJ kF  pok oD @Z
ClClv rd Z ,P pGJ  Co ClClvrd CpFDF
o lz DG  PdCoD D .lz O   kF pGJp@@ ok
EkCF pwJ C V CpZ !D p P@ D@p@@@F kp@
. peN l Co C ?pCo
Z ,  peN Co D@D@@  QkC@d @@C@i@F p@C
  p  qC ioDN DD  QkC@d ?@@@@@p@e@N
RkDd  peN .koCk Dl  o pk p qCkoCkDr@C
F rZ Co RkDd A DrC   D  PvCC F i@oD@N
p  pwN o Co A o  l D PvC kF aA qC p
lo w r F Dz :Z DS  qDF .PvCkF  aA qC
r F Dz :Z DS  qDF .PvC lA qC C C@@ @F
 PvC C Dz rC :PvC lA  qC C CF lo w
x  Ck l kp .PvC HeOw VDdkp MoDq
 C l ?CpZ  ?Po iz @D@h @F Cp@Z
D l oDOvCh ypwJ CpF Co C pOhk lCh,koCk Co o@@@
Co   ,lDGwaF x  pwJ DF F Co ypOhkl@C@h@
Co C .l peN Co Dz o o@ @C .P@vCkp@ @D@@F
.peN l
pqC  koCk DrC   p  qC CozD ioDN RkDd ok
 Fwd Dz D ,DDw D .D Do  Dl pk
 CopGJ V DvFC F D  o D kp p@e@N
.kp peN Co ((DGC C @@O@@N)) k@p@ oD@@ oD@Fok
pk rZ D ,PzCk CrC  wC @@@ @@w@d@@@
 l  D ,PzCk Dh o  l wd !lzCpN@Cp@F
kp O wC  ClGDFC !lzCpN C CpF pko@@
P  ulN Cpz DN . ul  P DF kD@@C @P@vC
A .koCl kV Dk ok yp @ P@w@ Cl@G@D@FC P@@@ok
?PwZCpz
P  ulN Cpz
A l  o  PvC C P@@@ @ ul@@N p@z @@C
 .lzDF DwC   , F ,lzDG kp  i@z,P@@@
w P   ykh iz pDiF l P@@@w@ P@
pDiF ,Pd pDiF ,PDwC pDiF ,DOVC pDiFl P
,ykh pDiF  ,MCDw pDiF ,PCl pDiF ,ldNpDiF ,@d
kp  C F ykh pk l P C  O@A @C ok
Dk ok  Dw PV  F .pk DDwC  PvC Pw@@
,PvC kG Dzkh iz pDiF DDO ,DDC,DNDpd
d pDiF ,PvC kF PDwC pDiF ,PvC kF PpF pDiF@F
DC  vDzClh  ldN pDiF ,PvC k@F MCD@w@  P@Cl@
:  .loCk Pvk Co D@A p@@F kCp@C @@ ,P@vCk@F
:kp pGJ  o  ((wd  DC  @@@w@d))
 D wd))  oC D ((wd  C  wd))
Dv 1328 ok wd C CpF  ?CpZ ((wd e@
,kp D D DDwC  pDh F  D pDh F  D@Cp@F @@J
.kF pF iz Do qC  kF DJ  ulD D
F  DF D A  PvC C ,lzDF ul D C k p@z
kp P  ?Z @@ ,l@zD@F C@N n@D@ Mp@@@F  ok
 .lDV ,l ,lpGhF ,lO ok Dzkh,@D@@O@VC
C kh qC Co kp C kok ,ok DF , rZ ,pF kzClJ kA
pOF kp C kh qC Co kp C Ck ,l pOF Vokl kp
ok Co rZ b  l b Cpk  O ok.l@@
kp  Co rZ A cC F  lF  pDok ,l@@
 D  kz ClJ ,lF Dh Ph ok C lFA ok pk
  lz oClF P qDN kon Dv DWJ.lP@
vl Do Z kp P ,kp Ppd ,kp D @i@z
!lkp ok Co (oD) C yqoC ,J ,Dv v ok D .PzCk
Dv kDO ,kld ok kDFA lvC @l@CD@@V l@@v @dp@ @S@
qC G Dv koD@@Z ,P@vC 310 ok kp@ @C M@ Cp@D@)@@J
DKF vC Do ok vC P   kp D(Pp@@
DC kp C lF ,lCh Co kp C joDN qpC Dz ,kp@
 ,kp uDwdC Co Dw P C kok ,PvCkF DN  Hp@
Co C P kh ,kp W k C F P kh ,lP kh
O lp  NDd loC)).kp PDd C qC P ,kppi@w@
joDN ,PvC Ozn Dv kDO DC .((kCp  h p@G@
zo joDN DCq Pvok  O .(kz Oz) joDNpv P@@J
l qo A ok Co DrZ Z kp C !HW F@,k@z
A C Dz .lCl CpC P lok k@ P@p@S@C@
Cqp C PA dp F @@ ,or@F kp@ @C @ Co C@D@k
D  F    PvC Oz D C C orFqCp@@z
le jz UDd dp CpF  S ,DCleO  CF CpC
 ,DC ok orF D  CpF   l ok koW@F@@N
C lGF lCiF Co DD C qCpz ok orF D  CpF@@
oDOvC !PvC kp ok olZ !PvC l Eh olZkp
kp oClF klok Eh olZ  PvC OhD@z@ E@h ol@@ZCo
qC F  @ND@p@hr@ @C qC l@oCn@@F!P@vC k@F P@@@C
.koCl o DDd C pk ,l loCk  q oDOvCDoCrFC
ok  kz ClJ Dq ok kp Z PvC ul@ ,P@@@@C
 l ykh p kp  lF Co Dd pC CPJ
.lkpok
 Pvok D qpC .PvC O Z @@@w@d P@@@
DC  ?kp Z D ?Z  lr Pd ?Z @l@r@
ok qo A ok D@@@w@ P@@ @k@ l@ @ k@F@Z
ok  Pw qpC  NDC Dv kG DF Di,lkp@
lr ll qo ,lkp ok l kp .PvCkG Ozn
?lz O  F wd  Z  lr Ph PvC w@ @Z
 F wd CpZ :lkoh DN DC ,lz O F wd l@F
ok .lkDOvp Dz F l kp pFDC qC CrC P ?lz O@
DC .C w d F ClG D F P@vCkp@ D@@vCo
 lOo lr oDFok F  lkp  Co Dz  lD D@ @O@
l F  D .PvC oCp Z qC  llqDN ,llD Nl
Dz F D ol  lO ?llk Z llvpJDA qC ,lO@@p@F
qC  l DClh O ,kF Dz ok Nl ok @ @@@F
Ch DF D lO ?kF pGh Z lO!koDGF v D pv pF DvA
 qDF v ,kp  oD ,koh Co ECpz  @l@z p@Fo
!!kp Dq  ykh oDe DF Od,kp qDF   qDFq
ClG D ,lO Pd oqC  l PFDR C CpF lF
 l kp F kp o ,PzCk xJP C w @d @F
l D lF D Dz Z ClrZ  !l kp P@@
kF  o   ,lzDF kh pwJP C DF   D 
lz  kDOvp ykh qC G Co ypwJP lr  pd D@ ok
w d F ClG C.lzlz kp @C k@h l@@F  l@l@z
A lz UoDh l qC ClGDFCC qC J Dv @v ,@@@C
C PF l mC wC vC)) :P w@d @ qo
Co vC Ph lrpC Ck ) . ⁽³⁾(( l@r@ @S@ Cp@F
lDF .kG qo A?kF DW (lA vC pv pF @Z ,kp@@ P@vl@F
d F ClGqDN DN ,koiF DN vC DV ,kF O wd
DDV ok   l ok C S pk p Dl  C @w@
 PzCk dwd lF ,l qDF  lDF Co D@Z p@@k
.kq pd Z
kp  N  PvC C lzDF ul P@ @ @@@C @v p@z
ok lzDF Cl ,lholF D P  ok  lzDF pF ,lzDF
 ok  . Dv D ok lzDF Opd ,DN@@vD@@
Mol pk kp ,PvDpd D o F Dh @Cp@z
Mv , lCD  uD , oDN ,loCl@kq p@d
DNv C kz ClJ kp  GNp  ,PvC  v,@
pF ,l Opd ,kpF D qC Co D@v @C ,l@@@z@Co
Co ypv PJ Cpk qDN .lhok P  D ok kz
.kF aC ?kG D kF aC wd P DA .lOC
P C ok wd DC .PvC kp O @@Z @@w@d D@C
Z Cr lCO k C F  lF D ?PzCk l@Z
C qC l wd .lDF lq lDF lFC DN CRkDd @Z@@@w@d
wd Cr  lOzCk oCpC  C CpZ oDC C ?PzCkP@
.F Ch D Co lC ?lDFlq
 koCk VDOdC Z ?kp P CpZ wC @@@ @@w@d D@C
ykh  F wd ? pm k D@k@h qC @@C@i@FD@
O pC .DV k   DV k  ,DV   ,kp DF Co O@@k
PVph D C)) :kp .DGF Dkh J qC OzCk@d D@ k@F
C  cC H PVph DC DD  Clw  Cp@F Cp@zC
,PvC Op lvD Co D Dk l PdCp Dok ((l@V
cC kp   ,cC CpF kp D ,lClzl@vD@ l@V P@C
 lV pwF pvC  pC  C pDF pAC loC)) ,G
wd DC .oCl p qC   p F pC rV l, ⁽⁴⁾(( FC
a .Dzo D ok,PvC kp zo Co ykhP l
 DOC DGC C  F @ @e@C C p@NA)) :k@p@
kp DF Dzkh xJ , ⁽⁵⁾(( De C D @C H@p@@
.PvC
() wd DC l ok  peN k
ClJ  peN  PvDWC ?O@@ @Z @l@A D@ P@@A
CpF ,p F pC CpF kp P  l wd.k@z@
  P . qoDG lvD DF C CpF , lqCo k C
k .O pk rZ lA D .PvC @@vC @d@CP@@@
CpD F Ck ) kp CpD  HW oDwF pe@N
,kz O DN kp D  F wd O DV @ (@@D@VD@
D DD C CpF lz O !lzDF PC DD oD CCp@F
Z wd kh ?PvDW ok C phA lvpKF pC Dd .kzlqpA
w Z Co pd Z ?P DC ?P pGJ ?P@r@@Z
lz O wd DC ?oCk oD Z Dpd C F D ?P
.kz liF D DD CCpF
P COp Pew Dk qC Co p@ @C D@ @ @@Ck@@
vC lpF Pew Dk qC Co DrZ h Ow@Cl@D@@@w@
(F) w Pew MClO C qC  .PvC .Pp
((kDC)) C .lzDF kD C CpF PvC fw ,O@oH@@@
Pew O rV C Pew p@@ @C qC .P@vC f@@w@H@@
DD oD w Oo oCk F C  oCk F w l.PvC
p !loCn w EDwd F Co Dzkh DD !lz P@C
vC co DF ,PvC Pew Dk DD@k p@d,@C @kp@@
Clh F .Pw oDqDv wC  wd ivDF ,Pw@ oD@qD@v
qo Do D ok w pC C .PvC ClGDFCF P@@@N @w@
lF  llF PGw  F wd F Co p@d@C  l@zD@F @O@zCk
DF yCqo l  C qC  kF oD ZCpF w@d MkD@@z
kp D DF qoDG CpF  ClGDFC .PvCw@d p@F ok ,P@vC
!lzDF CoD CpF pv kp D O@@ D@ ,kp@ D@@
Dz P !D F ,kpxvDN F Ppz  wd O@
zC  CpF Dz ?pZ  ok ,kp F D p qC Co
Z p Dz DC . CpGVCo Dz DD , ok  ,l@r@p@F
Dk ok kDq FC  .lzDF lvp ,lzDF kDq FC ,lzDF lCh
 Dk ok xC F Dv !kF  Dk ok lv p @ !k@F @
kDq Dk ok h PvChwd DC ?kF  Dk ok h  !k@F
lF lCN Z p uDCDCP ,kz kDq Dk ok lv p ,k@z
!Ow Dz F   lzDF
go Fp RkDd VN  pwN p qC  @k @@@ @p@e@N
O  Po wd DC CpZ lCk :l  P@vC @C,kCk
Mkh  pF N lO C F .kF C CpF  h oOvk ?lz
D F ,lzDF h oOvk rZ  pC ,PvC  .lFOF Co
lF pC .Pw pJ FD  ,l ClJ DGNoC pkD@z 
oOvk  qC wd l !F Z N .kp @@@Z@@w@d
h oOvk  A !Pw Fp D F ,kp p@J@@@h
kDp wd DC ?PvC Z lC MDN Dd .kF ykhi
 C pF G  PvC Dw  D rC   l
h oOvk phA .Pw h oOvk F VDOdC .PvC@vC
wd DC .lzDG C  DoOvk  l D@V okCo
 b F  PvC @@k @vC :k@p@ P@dCp@ D@@ok
 lvD ,Ov , FD ok  lk qDVC (DC F kpOd)
HO  koA kVF HO wd DC .lD@@F MD@@N@FD@@
DF vC  .PvC vC HO D C HO@ @@vC@@@
.kp  pk x p qC F C Vok ok .kp  w@d,kp@
Co RkDd C C CpF (kp peN) CpD .vC H@O@@
pk ,lz UoDh kF HO qC O ,@@ UoD@h k@F H@O@@qC
RkDd qC pk xJ ,l pJ FD  O ,Pw@@ p@@J@FD@
.kp kDOvC kzFp