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lv ,Pz DeC Dpq Fle ,Pz@ @D@ D@@@v @FC
,o   ,kCl D DOw  DOv@F ok Co yk@hm
oCn DJ Co vC  lN  DA qC Clz @Np@JqC p@@
Dz S  DA qC ,lOzCkpF PpF Co pv qC Co C,lkp
DA qC ,lkp Cl Co Dzkh DV  llhok DO@@ ok
,kF OvpJ d  Ch d ,kF C vDd DzkVpvCp@v @
,lkp pOw  lkoA ok qCrOC F Dk ok Co ldN ZpJ D@@A
 Dz  D .lkF kCqA  Ppd kD lkF PCl kD DA
DvDd l ,Ow DA h MCp l COwDW@@C
.PvC vDd ykV pvCpv  F wd .OwDA
kCpC Piz l
z ,lw CpF  Dw D@@@h D@@vD@@@Co
l .l ClJ Piz l  D@do Cp@Fl@@@@
pvCpv lF ClJ Co A pC ,koCk  l  xp P@@i@z
Piz l koA PvlF OGC .lF VN lCNCo C lq
uDG orF h DOiz Dh ,PvC @@@@h kCp@C
pG)) DF Oz FDO ,p pO l@CkkD@@ k@@e@
 Piz l  : l p oDC EDOC ok  ((DC
pvCpv ok  PvC kp , .kp ClJ  WOw@VP@@vp@ ok Co
ECpe ok Z ,kCDh e ok Z ,V Clok Z @l@q
kV Ckp co ,DV p ok  Pd l@@w@ok @Z ,MkD@G@
.PvC PDWz D Ckp  ,Ckp  ((P@vp@)).koCk
.PvC Ckp , Piz l lC
kF kpF J O C F C qC G Dv lO@ kl@d @o @
DOvCk A ok .koCk kV PDWz qC pNDF rZ ,@@ ok @P@vC
Co C PvCh  kq q F Co zk wC   Op@
A ok   PhClC  Mo F Co kh Dk EA kpA ,l@@@F
A kpGF Co C pv lA  lF  kq l  PvDhpF  PCo C @@e@
H pRDN PeN  Z P ?O Cp C CpZ:kp Cv kp@
h  Dd ok lF Ppd Ovk OvCh  OpoCp kh
 Clh Do Co ok Co N OvCh F ,lzDF OzCk pRDN k@h
F D h Co DOvCk C  .zDF O Ph D@l@
ok C qC pOF  p F  koCk PF k  C .PvC koAok 
:l .PvC l O cl

CkF h ldC qCpN N

CkF qCpN p DFq F

Ow DFo pz PDWz ok

Ow lCk  kh Mp ok

lvC N ,PDWz ok :l PvC  p ko  k P@@F ok
,PvC PDWz @D@ @ @@Ckp@  Mp@ ok D@C @O@w@C
.Ow N D N ,lF N Co N lCNxa
l C l F  PvC lvo D@W@@C @F @ p@@ kp@ @C
.PvC Pvp ,PvC Mp ,PvC Mp Piz
() wd DC Piz l
D  lD w Piz l  l@F @w@ @@@C D@kC
  PvC Cr DkC DDC ,CkoA PvlF Co  @F@@w@d
 F DkC CN ol C DC ,F iv Z Pp@V
ClCh Co C lq aioDN  OhDz Co wd   kldok
F ⁽¹¹⁾ PvC lvo D Pvk F  oDwF DvDO  Co C Div
C DOiGzh  Co CozD joD@N @ kl@d ok  ,CkoAP@vk
wd DoDz  fD  DFDh  kp DPvC GjoDN
l  p qC  @F o@ @C @C@N@ ,CkoA P@vl@FCo
,PvC PF ,PvC P ,PvC oz ,PvC vDd wdPi@z
.PvC OvpJ d ,PvC kDOwC ,PvCMlz
,PvC okD lz  wC   F @w@d qC @ @D@@i@v
wd qC .l PDd co  qC ,Pw  oCl D@@
lz pGJ qC Mkh y DF  Co iv Dz ,llvpJ @F
Z pGJ Div qC wd EDiOC lGF .F  D CpFzD@F
.loA PvlF Co C Piz oCl lCN Dz DV @@@ qC,P@vC
:PvC C Clz pGJ qC   aA P wC @@w@d
⁽¹²⁾(( DDwv p  DCpzC oC D He D@@NC C))
PwJ DrZ qC ,koCk Pvk Co @@Np@  or@F D@oD@Cl@h
qC iv lCh O  lGF Co P  Po .lA@yl@F
koCk C ok .l EDiOC Co iv Z C ,l pG@@@@J
D PvlF  oDzC wC  wd qC .lk D@Co yk@h
:PvC WO A ok co  qDF PvC lvo

DC C DC PGv

   h weF

 lCo OeF c 

l C  D

 ldDWC lp

⁽¹³⁾Ow C C C FD 

 lvo D F wC  wd qC  kle oDwF Di@v
A qC G F Fp ,Pw  CozD RkDd F Fp DC .PvCo
r  M)) :PvC C C qC pk iv .koCl DWA @F @Fo P@vC
pOF Pm DF lq qC PCpz  Mr DF kp ((m  Dd ph
.PvC
D V C)) :PvC C lCkp @ C qC qD@F @ p@@k @@@V
Dv  DpF  DpeF ,DFoD  oC oD  xC P
 C eF pC C  C D@@C @ @ l@@ D@@@G@V
PvC C vDd  kp  lF DWC qC Dz D.((@C
 A pF lzoh aA V l ?PwZ CpkDF @p@
ok A Pzk   ,A h  A Dok ,DD  Dk DN,l@@
kp ok Co C P  koCk DzA ykh Clh DF w kr
C lF .PvC Dv  S ,PvC kpKv pv C D@@Jok  P@vC
kCqA DA ⁽¹⁴⁾(( D DC n l pdC)) lk@CkC o@
DD  Dk ?lzDF DOCF A DD  Dk F  kzClJ kp
OzCk  A F ,lF A lF  kpF Co kh lCiF  DwCCpF
lCk PvC D S ,llF oCp ykh oD l@ Co A l@zD@F
,DrZ  DClk  ,koh Cn O kA ?PwZD
D ,koAok Co A h DF  lD DF Oz N S@
 ok DD ok Dk  lr   lr .l @D@@Co
rWF Dk ok !uDC DC l lF .lOw D wC wd
 DV Dz  lzDF OzCk Co yqoC C  kz ClJ r@@ZCl@h
,lzDF kp kCqA lzp Co DNkh ,lzpF A F Co DNk@hx@@
.lzDG ypkh
kpF PDd F Co kp ((DlClG uD@@C)) ,p@@k C@@@V
lF  PvC C kp H  l peN o C Dl@F
o .lOw Dzkh D lF ,lOw P kpF ,lOw@D@@k
 kCqA Clh p qC Co DwC  PvC kCqA pV  k ,P@V@@@
lC)) PvC OzCn pRC Ddo  ok ,l P@@dl@@F
GDF Ce CmD D MokD e O@@w@C @@@@
. ⁽¹⁵⁾(( DlC
C koCl d ldC  l C  lGN Co oD omFC D@S@
F DOC   .l PD PvC pW Pd p qC @ Cokp@
PD Co C wd  wd  ykh  l @h D@p@@C
CV   F wd ,loCk DV DA qC Cl p.l
v ok  PvC  z omFC .PvC do Np@J @@G@@ koCk
wd Cn .lzDF pOorF  qC  lDz  , vlD@ p@@
 Pe !DV l  l EDh Co C wC 
rWC  WC  FnOvC  ,pC  pGC C DvC)):PvC C N F
N pF pd C qC  CiF oD  PD Clh qC !DV⁽¹⁶⁾((
upOF rV qC ,pGF DJ Clh pF z@ P@i@Fl@F @ k@@FH@D@
D  DoD FD ok CkDG  PvC C N F  N!DV@
. CND rV oDC
A qC D  co C Di@v D@@N ok @ P@vC @@do @Z @C
!PvC WO OwD
l  MC h)) P  ,C iv A (PvC o @@)
DOzC vC C C D  DOClV @@ k@@C @i@kA
.⁽¹⁷⁾(( v CE
p  l PGe C DF DF ,lo Fp F  Co @@F ok
:lCh Co Dpz C ,ECV ok wC  wd  ,koCkph

OC  oD MDF D  Dv

Dw lDV  Dd D CmC

wF eDC DVpC vC 

DpW Dh  CoGS oD 

DDF loC  w lC

Dpp UDC  Dwh O

C  P C  lC  P D

DpN  N Cm F 

z O l .Po Ch  ,p l@@@ @ @F
 PvC  P A kp ?PvC  kpCV  CpF kpp@@
kF O PvDo  DA CpF lCiF  lzDF P@w@J D@w@Cl@
 C CpF  w A CpF DC .lvp l F l
l Co ok  CpZ .Pw   kz O @d Co ok @d
xJ .lCOzCkpF l Clh DlF DOwDz  eD koCkp@F
 PiFlF lz  kA  DF @ koCk@p@F l@ @Cook @Z
l Dz .kF O oCnF l PDi lrS oDD@
O D D lq D :Pw pOF k C qC ,z@ @O@@
N l w ,lD lq pC ((lC PD)) .@z@
,F O Co C ok pC  ((C  P C)).lD@ l@q Cp@Z
Co Z ok   lClF pC kp lCi PCp D@@k ok l@dC
D N Pm  OiFlF CpF ((DpN  NC m F )) .Oo
vDd  lF qDF .lDF Dh F Co PDkDC F lq PvC
.PvC
eC C pNC)) :lDp  lCh @FD@@h r@@ Co @@F ok
C)) :lDp yphA ok lF ,(( DO DGC C  F
 ⁽¹⁸⁾(( DpFC DC  eC   kDvC M@@CoC
P HV Co CpOv DF lq  ,MkDv kh Cp@FCo kp@
.F
qCkpJ .kz   DF Co C Div  Ci@F p@C
MD C F    oDzC CO@ @F  Co@zD@ H@z@F
. VNpO
k PDz F DFq
kpF oCp Cpz ok ,ioDN P@@i@z p@ ,p@@k x@ p@
 ,Pp oCp CozD Hz ok wC   @F @@w@d@
OwF C pF zk pF pD G  M DCo DN  Cp@zok
,lz O zk PvlF FDeC  kh  lClF D ,lzD@F
C joDN Co C  l qDF PDz F DFq Cpz @@@Zok
 uwC ,oDqo C pF N :p l @N@@V.l@k@
oDZk w ok JD O l .kp MlDw DF PG@
PDi  DF PDv lZ PG  uwC :P,lz @RkD@d A
oDqo C N o :l  lq F Co O@vkp@@k .kp@
.koA ok zC F Cp  kDF Dv
qC do  DZ l V Co FDeC  F wd D@C
  RA)) :lDp  ,lq U pOF @ @i@zp@
C  ldC C C ,CpC CpwC  ldC D@S@C@w@dC
S ⁽¹⁹⁾(( lC  DO  ,A pC DO  ,GDFD@@O@p@C
Cpz A ,kF lDw  DC  PvC lDw CpF eDN @C
w CpF .lzDF k Pd l  PvC lDwDw Cp@F
 ,lCh Pd  d Co ok Co rZ   P@@@d@O@d @
 uDKv rV C .PvC lDw e ,OzCkpF l ykhCo ok lF
.lF pkrZ pz
:PwC  wC  wd CozD qo DoDz qC

oDC Eo  C MC

⁽²⁰⁾oDC hk  C oDC 

DN ,Div ,NDv ,NDpd @@ D@@@e@ @p@hA D@N
 DvDN Hz .PvC vDd qC V  O@vp@J @d ,@C@h@d
oDC !wN D lz O D loCk p C F oD@F @p@hACp@F
lGC oCp pC  nC DC l@F @@@@C C)),koCk@
 k Dz F Pm Pvk  rp   w Clh@F . ⁽²¹⁾((
.F O DN  PD Ckp ,oCp DkpF S 
CClGDFC  l oDF .PvC D qDF ClGDFC ,phA DOD@v A
.((lGP l DC  Fpz vC)) :lzDF O Co @V
DOvChokoV C C wd ,Cll DV ok Co V C  @
CC)) :lkDp  lOwC zk p FD ok C F ,kG
nC D MDnC wC F ORC F rol lC FC lC
Mp PFD oWd  @@C @@vo  D@@ @Cm C @FD@
,kCqDqpwJ kCq Dq A ,xD pwJ xD A !@@ kp@ ⁽²²⁾((
 FlC lA C Dp F Dz  w A ,Dz  lDp ,Dz pC
PmF N D ,pz D  EDiOC Co  oD k C qC  PvC O
ND !pF Pm oDF pq D  MD ?lF Pm F N  D@A ,kCk
okCo Dkh co  k oCp Dpz V ok Co D@k@h
DoCo ok   Clh .oA kp rp Pm pz V
FOwFC  pGJ , l  Pw Co oCkp@F l@ C
DA ok   DCk A ,@@ l@@@ ,@O@w@ C H@O@@
N l  F COw C Cq o   Ck ClzorF
.lPm F
A ok . D iz vDd  @ D@C P@vC @vD@@d @ @C
.PvC OvpJ Clh ,Pw OvpJ kh A ok ,PwP
l  Co PD phA ld wC  @@w@d Co@zD@ qo ok
 .PvC lz Hv lF qC DCN  F @ P@vC @O@p@@k
wF  l D F Co kA pq pN oD@@@O@v CqCl@Cp@@NqC
oDOhCF pk DA  l ClGDFC v ok  kqClCClGDFC
?lk Pm F N e C ok DA ?l Z .lOC qo
ok C Pzn qC lF F ,@ ?l@@@ D@@@N  @C@hD@A
l pe rp A qC  CG D wF Co ol@V
kG  p DwN  DF Do)) :lDp l P@vC
PvC C ,C vDd PvC C ⁽²³⁾(( SOwC QDDC@v
.DwCvDd
 le  C  @@@C @@@C D@F C @ @d ))
((.pDCA
D Dk CmC vp@@  C@G@@W@O@vC C@@A @n@CD@@C D@))
. ⁽²⁴⁾((e
DF wC   F wd  oA DFqpF op Co H @C
DF Co vC Phok  MDd l@l@W@N Co @vC kp@ @ qD@G@D@VA
PNA  C PC l ClzC)) .k oDFA kh h@O@i@o
d C  MlDV  pC  P  p@D@F Mp@C@r@C
kCk MDq  kp qD DC N  k MkDz ⁽²⁵⁾((kDV
d  k kDV Clh Co ok  kp p qC   pF p@C 
CFCo Z  F Cv kh qC D PvC q .koA DWFCo kD@@V
 C lz lq  vC Op p   F wd MkDzD
,kF Oio h C p Ck Cpq ?koCk k@V @kp@
wd MkDz  P  D D CpFDF .kz oC CD@@
joDN DC  Ow A l   D  oDRA C  @F
FCo C ?koCk kV C FCo Z ,koCk Pd  lkD 
oDO k ok lz O   F ok CNO D@ Co
.pF p okD Co J
pC ,kF oA rd DpV  Dp  F wd MkD@@z p@C
Oio d DF h  kF C Dp pC ,kF PG Dp
kF Piz  lz  Dp pk p@@G@@N @F  P@vCl@z
kh DGk F Co oDRA Z rp ,orF oDw@F P@@@i@z@
kh DGk F Co oDRA C PV A qC , F wd MkDz.koA@
orF vDd  C P ,kp p  p@@G@@N@F @ koA
 DN ,aioDN  DOvCk C  PV C qC ,kF@C  @@vC
pOv  pODV Cl  p qC pOv  PDV  PG
 kF w D p qC orF oDwF oDwF Dp F ,k@G@
ok CqDN MDd  F wd MkDz .lkp koC CpF Co DO@D@@V
PDh  pRC ,O C oDO ok  o D  lkvC D
F U co ok  PvC C vDd Piz D  aioDND iv 
PF  PDWz ,koA kV F Mp  P@d ,koA@k@V
,koA ok zV  Ppd F Co Dh ,DlF ok .koA k@V@F
 FDZ Co D@A  ,l@@@ UoD@h @O@w@v  M@ho qC Co D@@N
.lDDZ
 Z  kz Oio D@@e@ ok D@@@h oD@@w@F @Z
 PvC C ypRC ,PvC kp PFp ypRC ,koCk rph@G@@V
xGd Dv ok pOF Dw  lD@@ P@@  kp@ p@@qC
 Dzo ykh DGk F  Pw Dk ok DNkDzDC .k@z@
 lClk  kp DeOC kp PDd ok Dz .koA DOVCCpF D
qC pk F  ,l ol Co DwC H  PvC DCqC F
C .lk V  D ,l zo Co DwC H  P@vCD@@C
co DOVC D llJ qC F .Pw  DOVC ok D@@P@D@d
kV F DOVC ok Ho  upN ,l ol@  @oD@N CoD@@O@VC
wv   ,lk MoDvC  kpF PDd DOVC@F ,koA@
PCo ,lk D DOVC F  PvC @D@@O@VCD@l@l@J
C qC Co MoDvC  kpF uDwdC ,kro Co DO@VCup@N ,l@k@
.lk C F PDz MCpV ,kp
oko  ,lA kV F ODd Z  wd DC MkDz qC lF
wd DC  kF PV A qC DO@VC ok p@RC @C .l@z Cl@@J @vC
lq Co Dw kp co kh DDp MDp@d D@F @w@C@@@
DN  DS Dq phCC qC  Co NoDvC  kpF MD@vD@w@dC,kp@
upN  kp N ,kF Dpd vC DV co pF D@@ok
F pk MoDG@ @F  .kp@ @Cq Co P@k@G@ uD@w@dC ,P@i@oCo
PC DOVC ok C o pF C .kCk Piz vCD@@O@VC
.kp Piz uDwdC ykh ok DOVC ClF PzCn
Piz uDwdC
Dpv C qC .PvC oDwF w Pi@z uD@w@dC @@w@
Piz uDwdC ykh ok  koCl k@V D@@O@VC Cp@Fp@ND@F
PGw  lzDF OzCk A lC ykh CpF ,lF  uDwdC,l@@@F
CDOVC  ,lzDF OzCk qDF  DOvC xd pk DDOVCF
ok Ow w yk@h Cp@F  yk@h @ l@@@F p@@ o@
MDDG  oDiOC ykh lq Ow w A F  koCkl@q
qC DOVC    DOVC ok vDd @@d D@vD@vC ,l@@@F
kDOC  DC w A F  lzDF OzCk lq ok Cwykh
Dd F C .lDGF A F  lClF pNDF  pOF  pNpF Co C  ,lzDF@O@zCk
DOVC p  C ,llF Pvk qC Co xd C  @D@@O@VCA
x  PvC lF  PvC hC ((k@h)) A qC p@@ @C P@vC
.PvC OvpJ Mz OvpJ