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CV  ok kV DDDwFD  DOzA qC orF iF -10
.PvDWFD  kF DH r  @ D kh DV @V qC @
oD kh oD qC ,pC DlO qC  O  CkF lDz oD@w@F
A F llV lO ,koDKv pk F Co khDV  kp@
 HDDGdD qC oDwF D  ,lzDF OzCk ClD @@k
DA DV F Co pk Dw  l r Co kh Pvkpq MD@D@@
FpWN   ok ,llV kCpC A CpF Pw z .kqDv E
,DG .konF lDF ll Nl ,lA D G kCpC GNp F @AoD@ 
kp Mo ,lDz  lDF DZ DoD , DqMl C ok
pF DDwFD DD  kp OvD@ o@C D@p@V P@p@v
DoD F DwF Z , G kCpC .kpOw DF qd A p@vD@Np@v
DF lCN CCp MDC pDF ,r DA  lz OzD@@ p@@k
ok .lz uD  DzA A M  Dw DF  lpF h qDN e
 kp oD lDF kz oCpN r DWC ok ,oCD DD WO
Co khPvkpq D  lCO rp ,llV @Cp@VC @w@ @
.l lGO  eO
  lwJkph k lF G D r b lDG ,pOF MoDG F
pnJDC DWF  PvokDH  r ,D@ cp@ ok .kp@@ Mo@
w pNDJk DN Op vC DV pGo qC ,wp .Pw
 PvC Dh H  D lO HGvlF D@@@N ,P@@@@
 CoD qC  @O  kD DvDzoD  CpHdD qC p
qC fC ,H  D A lN CpF Co C @ lOw C kh D@@
lCiF C qC pNDC w pC,CpFD@F .l@C@O@w@Ck Cp@@k
D  EDW Co on DvDzoD  CpHdD lDF l yoDp@F
 ,Pw  pNOwDz C qC H  D A l@@NCp@F @ kqD@v
,p DZ CpF G Z MDGRC @ P@vCl@@J @O@@D@
.kF lCi DvAoD

pz  vDv  DOVC oC ok PD@hk ,cp@ @C ok -11
qC .l DGOvCDoD ok PoD qC DV kCpC Cn ,P@vC kp@
@ vDv  DOVC oC ok PoD F kp kCkv CpF ,oC
@ D D lN DN Opkp@ED@i@O@C  kCkCo qC
,PDC ,PCl co Z .Pw NDGN v DOD @F qD@@
qC DoD   PvDpd DV pF P@  P@D@k,o ,C@@N
.kF lCh oCkohpF PvCl

Dpz DN Op kDOCok DDOvo qC ,o pvDNpv ok O -12
Co O  kD kCpCkh D qC  kz OvCh kp@ qC ,or@F
pO ok ,C  lA llJ uDwdC C DA CpF ,l p@
 lClz kCk PoD kF lCh pk oC D  pC  oC
p qC  lzDF Dw oC DDGVwv  PvC CpFD@@F ,D@@D@R
pk F DN iz p xJ .lkp DC  kDOC ko@P@@V
CNDF  kD DwCC F Co C ,lzDF OzCl DN R  D kDOC
.l p
  l uDwdC kp  ,oFr MDFDiOC OpDDJ qC xJ
 ol DCoA F  lCkpDw pN DOVC pC pO@ ok
Pvk F oC oCkC  pFl@N ,x@J @C qC @  P@vC l@z kCk D@@F
Z  ,f  fD  pkCk ,oDPvokkF lC@h @D@@D@w@C
,pNDJk DN pNGNplF qC ,MD  D DpW ,CoCnD
CN ,lz lCh lrpF f  fD kCp@C @@@ D@@qC
pOv  PvokD,oC w qC  Od  P@zCk D@@@@C
.Po lCi  l   o qC kp pF  kF lCi
,PvC DA kh Pvk F DC ,oC oCkC  pFlN  l@@F@ kp@
 O DN ,lCCl   oW  w F pDWO  Dw CpF
G  D pO F lCN  PvC OwF DCo  ,lCZ
,C D  @ lCO  kD  DA CpF ,pkv qC .l@FD@ P@vk
,llpF AoD  Ck qC  @ lOw oW  w @F p@D@W@O@
,DvA F  okF lCN  PvC qDF Co ,lCZ @ @D@qD@N
llDz kp .lzDzFpWN   Cr DF HvDO oD oCkl
 AoD  Ck   ,CN  PCl Cr uDvCpF  kp p 
 kD DvDzoD  CpHdD qC pvN  @ kh FpW@N
 DoD C .lFD H  D@@ @ k@z@ @@@@N @@O@
CpF .kz DA rDV pk rZ b  lCl@F@FD@@@
qC pO F  Pw qD DA qC pOF F  ,HD  MDD lN
.lk PDo DA
H DC  pDh PV kp ,MD@@d@ @C @@W@ qC
 DV Od vDv D F PGw v  FlF .lFD@
XCo  oDO oDwF pC  @ O HD  MDD Dl@O@
Od ,DV kCpC  .kpnJN @@@ @Cl@d @F @ P@vC
pRDN  PDhk b oC PN ok  w F pD@W@O@
ok  rZ ,lFD kDOC   wd oC DCF PGw ,loCl
.PvC EDD F ED ,pk DD  CV

l pF C  oD ,qpC DV ok kV D@@D@@ ok -13
r zl  vopF DF ,DWC ok .PvC oCn@D@ x@@W@
qC lF ,xW DC  .oCl oD@ x@@W@ @C D@@C
 lz w plZ F ,lACp@  l@zl@r@p@F
PvC C w p oD .lk N Co w  pp
 lN Co op MCop  C ,DVDqD qC iF CpF 
PvCoz xW qC CGz w p ,pk MoDG F .l N
O oC qC  F  kz N DlD qC Cl@ qC@
NCop  CN  lN F pC A CpF  l l@@vo
 p w ,VoDh oC w l@D@ ,l@@@ Cl@C
lN Co D w DC  O .VkF @w@@@
DA qC  loCk p xW DlD V p@F Co A ,l@kp@
xW DlD PpSC pC .l Chp,D A oDFok
EwexW MDF qC oFr D ,lkCk PGS Co D A F
d A ok DN kz lCkpqDF Fp w F p kz
oD C .loA qDF xW F CklW loCk Co lGN  pN  cC 
oCpN Da ,lvpF DwW HN F on D  @D@q D@N
.kz
lDF Coz xW MDF ,  Pw lDF r O C pnN
"Dv xW" lD @ lvpF rpk "Coz" D "xW" H@N @F
xJ ,D o ok "vDvC D DG Coz"  Do qC F ok
p qC  l p ,Dd .lFD PD DN @ vCEC qpJ qC
CCv .lz p xW F D Coz xW Dk w@@@
C oDFok  loCk Co d C DW qC xW DlD@@ @ P@vC
D :koCl zk qC F Dw .l Co qCpFC D  D@ND@G@RC ,@D@
F D lOw V  Dk oC uDzoD ,DlD qC b
qC b ,C z ok .loCG C uDzoD D@l@@D@@ qC
DC qC C @ koCl p oDC d  @O@w@D@z D@l@@D@@
uDzoD lD lZ A  ,k z okB Cpk  Dk w
lzDF Dk w DC qC lDF DG  @ V  @D@k o@C
lZ C Co pC ,k z  ok .l p oDC l@@C@N@B
PpSCCo DF D xW DlD F Co DF uDzoD l@D@@
DoDJ DD CoClp ?kp lDF Z PD oDN DlD@@
:l v   "PzCklDF l Co PpSC Co" :l@
ypnJ ok C "PvC D  fVCo iO  DvDzoD Co"
PCl Cpq ,kp lDF CCp DOdC r iO  DvDzoDiv
Dd  ok koDOdC ,CpFDF  PvC l qCpdC DC CN 
.lF Co A h ,lCk Co C 
Dw vN qpC CV ok Dd MCop  C  A @@h
 lCkF uDzoD  lCk,Mop ol F   PvC lz @
lCN NCop  C Z  PvClJ OD .O  kD 
,D kDJ cp ok .kz o kh fDv F Co @@D@V
l pF O z  oC qC iF p MCop  C @
DC .lz Ewe pGo CoD  PvC CD DCoz qC
CN DF  kD DvDzoD  CpHdDqC p "D Coz" p
kCpC pNOwVpF  pNkqAoD ,pNl@@@Ck @ l@@O@w@
 PvC pGO DCo ,Dh pd     A okCn ,l@C@@D@V
lChkp fD lN l   NCop  C@
.kF

CpF  "Coz xW" pF  ,qpC Od D@@D@@ ok -14
kp D DCoz,l D  DV z  oC V
C DOVC z  oC qC  CpF DA qC  p  Pw 
D Coz ,D D Coz G qC ,llN  @@@@N
xWCo D  lOC DNC oDwF .kDOC D Co@z ,D@k
DC ,lD go oDN D DCoz C qC @p@ Co  Co@z
DC  l HN DA Dl HN DA  lk dp
l lDF Co Cl Co  Pw   Fh F .lpnJ@@
 NF  oDZk o @Cp@VC @w@,o@C qC .P@zCk
DN,D cp ok .lA J CCp M  lz Op@v
qC iF p CpF .lA q MCone C DN Pw oz xW@ @
.l D   PvC"D Coz"  ,P z  o@C
D qC  @ D oC DvDzoD  ClCk pNOwVpF @S@
Co "D D Coz" @ lClz lrpF DVO  kD kCp@C
Dw F Fp MCop  C  Coz C .lk @@@@N
DN koCk p pGo pF  l HN   Co D M
ok on Coz .liGFPp  PD DA F ,kh D@@C D@F
oC qC p CpF .D oC ok PvC pGo D D oD ,C
D D Coz p ,D Coz  r Pp@k @z 
DF pOFD PwF F PvC  D DCoz C kCl@@N .P@w@
.koCk DN OvC  oDOhC ,kh oD p ok  p  ,kkp

OwCk koC ,pk Od DD  pF ,D  D@@zC -15
D ok Di ,kpMD DW qC DzPp  kF @C
C F  Co OC pF Pd d Dd (vCp@k) oD@w@kp@
 CCp DzN  PvC kp Hw DWqC lCkCl@ P@G@S@ Co
WO F Clb@ ,P@vC l@A @@ @F D@@zC @C @o Cp@F
d ,Dd F  lOw kp D cp ok .PvC l@@vp@E@@@
pF Pdd ,Dd  kz Cv DN ,lk@ P@  P@@@d
MDFDiOC p qC Dd .koCk DW qC lClrpF Co C  Co @D@w@
 COwVpF DvDzoD CpHdD vN  CVok @l@@Z
ClF C DC ,kz lrpF ,lOw CN  PCl D HNCp lVC
.l N lF Co P  Pd d kp Pw D
,MDFDiOC Pwi dp ok DvDvC  FD ok p@F @@ p@C
 Dz d okrV @ w F pDWO Od  @ kp @@ Co
pR pk pC ok ,DV kCpC qC p PCl F PGw@ @@@
kp l Pvk F oC Ozopv,onF  dp C qC .P@w@@
F ,loCk iN A ok  Cpd     HwdpF r DA .PvC
ok aA oDFok rV ,p p  lFD DwC klOD@@p@
CqC  .lF lDG  l Co qCpFC ,PvC @@i@N p@@@
ok  EDiOC Vok lZ qC xJ .PvD  Ddo p Dp
DWCpv ,kp Moo rp  DDOvC rCp ,Dpz ,DDOvo
 lA  kp o rp ok D  Ddo p@N@O@w@Vp@F
,kh D qC xW C DC .lkN Co "DpGh xW"
pz v lVC ,pDv qC F  Co w  kp@ @p@O@e@D@
.lrpF ,PvC "CN  PCl"  "DV pFlN  Ppl","PD"
ok lCDV kCpCpNOwVpF pGo DpGh xW DC @Z
N CpF Co qCpFC d ,DA qC p w ,on pz v kFCoCk
 DoD FD  ,z lFpGo N Z .koCl pG@o
lrpF pGo D CpF  w ,pz qC C   PvC
lCh D C lN CpF @D@V kCp@C f@@C ,D@@C,k@z@
qC ,PvClz lrpF pGo F DV kCpC fC Z  ((51)).kF
  ul oDz v qC C   @@ ,@@ @@k Co
.lPd kp pF  PvC mD (X)p
oDz mC qC zD pGo P  Pd Pp  lz @d@
Clh ,Dq C ok  COwCkZ  A PD ,PvC ul
COvCh kD DvDzoD qC ,PvC Co w Z Pd F DO
w Z N ok  kp l .loCk    Co 
,l PDhk C qC w F pDWO .xF  l@oCk P@D@hk
l ,DDz DF  PvC C lF lCN  oD pSCld DC
Pvk F  DDz qC  HGvClF  C ,l N Co kp@
DF  ol w F pDWO iz Co F lDG ,vC De qC .lA
,lCk Co pC C  Dd  ok PvC  Cpq ,kp kDOC kCk
qDF PDh qC Co C Pw C lVC CpZ l qCpFC Co A @h
.koCk
 Pd d  kz OwCk CO DN aA @@W@ qC
,kp p qC  ,kzN pGo F DO Clh v qC ,P
D ,DO Clh .koCk kp  pF PDd d pGo x@J
d ,l   pC ,vCF  DOw Cokp  lC@N@ @
.lkP kp pF  l N ,Dd C F Co w  koCk
 vDv DD pk pF  klO MDzC qC b ,CpFD@@F
 ok ,cp C ((52)).PwkoC D cp pF ,kz koC Od
P ,l DN  N Co kp DOVC fD   Dd
.koCk e Co DOClh PFFo 

?Mol rWN D rpN
DA  PvC C PvDv  d CqCkpJp TeF ko Dw qC 
,DOvk  ok Od DMol   PvC A pOF DV CpF
ok .kz rWN Pd Mol  C D lFD rpN ,kp ok DOD 
Dv CDA  PvC k o r pk Dw ,Dw C J
DA qC p  lz N  qC DlDF (pW  D ,@)
lDF D lzDF OzCl oD  pv pk k DF  kqCkpJ kh oD F Ow
 DGNoC , v p D FlzDG Cpk qC Ow  F b
,v p  pN rp   kkp oCppF Ck Ow@F@
.kpnJ MD A qC oC  PD  Pp lzDF OzCk kV
Od  lz OpnJ qpC (NCpk) oDwkp DD ok aA
D lz N oDwkpD "C" qC  C @F ,D@D@@dC
wO vN oDF Owi DOdC  PvC "C @@N" @p@@
PN  qCpFC ,wCp DOVC D  vDvpO (1689 @ 1755)
 PwCv C DV ,Dd .PvlF Ew ,Dd pF  PvC lz
N  Pd Mol rWN pF C ,vC vD@@v D@@ ok D@A
N CpF  dp DA ?CN l  Mol rpN pF D PvC@
,lz kDJ oC DlO pk  vC D@V p@G@o  oCl@D@q
?A rpN D PvCMol rWN pF OG
c ,H  A CpF ,on C@v @F @@EC@V qC @G@
pm Co OJp k qC  p CoCkHDV Div lFD pOF
.

Mol rWN CoClp kC
 klO oDwF PvDA oCkl Dd DOvk  @z  o@C @1
Ck r z  oCC qC p F OhCkpJ CpF .PvC D
DNC pO  Pw z ,PvC OwDF  op Dh DAoD 
CoCk DwC kp   @ PvC l F eED F @ lOC
oC  ,Diz lCOF  lzDF FoDWN  MD@ P@@v D@@Z
oC D  MpS xJ .l l@N Co @@D@V @ @z
koCk DOC ,DAqC p N CpF iN kV Mop  O@
.lA llJ Mol rWN  oD wN 
klN  MpS Z DV @z  o@C @ @oA p@@ ok p@C @2
 rp ok DA rpN  FDok @D@vA @F ,koCk @@@@
 d ok phDN  DoD lD HV DV  ok DA lzOzDGC
Ppv F DoD A CpF .kkpkp M  Dw@ @@
DoD wN rV CoDZ kz DOvC pNkq kp d  lFD@ D@W@C
.Pw DPw
lFD rpN ,iz  ok DOD  DOvk  ok DNol  p@C @3
v CiF pC .lzlCh  ,Mol qC kD@O@vC @v D@@O@dC
ok DNol   oD ,lDF lFD D Cld F Mol qC kDO@vC
 kCkDWC ok kp  Pvk  kz lCpJOi DDO@vk
MDGRC CpF ,k pO Co v @@k @C .l@zD@G@ qD@F ,D@oD@
.lCk C NMop

Mol rpN CoClp kC
pl qC ClV  Ow  F DV Oi  klO z  oC @1
 DGNoC F l qD DVpFlN  oCkC wd CpF ,CpFDF ,Pw@
,kh F F pC C  Pw oC w  CoCroD @D@@
.PvC Dd DOvk ok rpN kV O
ClV  qC D ,o  Oi DDOvC  Dpz ,DDOvo pC @2
,lzDG oCppF lJ DGNoC C DA D ok  lzDF @D@@@F 
A o F .kz C kFD  ph p ok P@ Ml@d
e A Mld  kkp pN lCpJ yiOvk o@@ @
.lzDF OzCk kV Od D ok rpN C lDF ,lDF
DOVC fD Ovk k  lA Pvk F p kC @W@ qC
O pk Ovk Mol rWN O O@vk @ P@vC k@V@
fD Ovk k C qC b qC CN  DWA qC  ,PvC A rpN
klok  kDOC VoDZ p F CqCkpJp@,kp@ p@@ p@
fDOvk k p COF ,A F  DF  l ClFC dp lClApF
DNC F Hp PpSC ok C  PvC D cp C .kp @@V Co
z  oC qC p lNCpF ,PvC oDO  @@ ,@C@V
,oC qC .koCk Mop Dh CFpWN   ,pz  O  klO
F  loD FpWN   lVC lO  D@AqC @p@ Cp@F
 A CpF DA .lk ok N DPw@  D@oD@ @@w@@N
,oCkpz ,DFpz lD @ D Di@F  @@O@i@p@Ck
DOD DoD qC r  M  Dw qC @ ...  yopJ  yq@A
,kkp e DzD  oDqDv  lD pGhF p@@l@@
 lCh  qC l N "oClDp" C@ @F Co @w@
pz z  oC DlO  loCkoDqDv  l@@D@@
DiF  pCk ok aA pF k MoDDF  lz oClDp .lzDF
OzCk CpF ,DiF  pCk w Mk DF  kon@@ @O@k
iF  pCk p M  Dw   l oD ,pOMDwV
DDOD  DoD   kz o  d ,V p@O@@F @F
.lFD dCrN  kDN
Dd kDeNC  D r o Dpz D ok A o@@ @F
 lpNkr plF De qC  ,Co pz lZp W@ ,l@A
lZ A kDeNC  D d  kDWC Pw  lD "DO@vC"
yp  ,oClDOvC .loCn "oClDOvC" D Fw l F Co pz
DOD ,PvC DOvC pz p@O@@@ @@@ D@O@vC r@p@ ok
CoClDOvC .kqDv PhC  D Co DOvC DpzCoClDp
 lzDF OzCk JDN Ppd PV  F  pw  ok lDF r o
.PvC o CoClDOvC kpw  Cp w "o pq"