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ok  Dw CpF Di  PvC q A oAkD   O@@
oDwF lCN ,lqCkpJeN  D F " P" @D@w@
@  Dw qC oDwF ok , PvC C lzDF D  qDvoD@
Co    wN  k F @ oCloDO@hC ok @@ @
F  koC  ok  ,F pz C d qC zD
Co  Ow DdC C l d  oCk    o
qDF lGN kqC Co kh  Ck@ @p@z D@@dC qC @zD@
O ,PvC kJ r  P Dw ok Co  .@@F@
 lzDF Pd CoCk DV  koCkDOC C Pd  O@w@Ck
() DC F pz v A OzCk ok  Dw koCk DO@C r@@
 FDok  o F ,lzDF Od oC lO,lpOkr
oDOhC ok Ch @ PvC kCk Pd qDVC Dw Z F lClh
D  PvC lvp D Pvk F  kF  lDz @ lzDG D@ l@zD@F D@
.PvC kG  F qD C kF fC, CpF D H Z
DC D Pk Dw C MDl  DG ok pC ,iv pk @F
 b pC C pFDFPvC  MOw qC  FDok ,@
lkpN  z A ok lDG  Pw  zDF OzCl A oD@Fok @
.PzCk Co

(PpSC DlD Pd) llV vCpk
A l D F vCpk p pF klO MDzC  D@W@A qC
pF vDv CpO ,PwpnJDC r  D ok  kz@ koC
,kkp  FD DN l lN  cC C F Co A DN llz A
wCp Cwv vDv pO  w@@@ "@vo Cs Cs"
 Pd"  @ A lD F  Co vCpk (1778 @ 1712)
 pF kp PpSC Pd" D F F @ PvC "kp@ p@F kp@
Pd" D F "vCpOwoA" pFCpF ok Co A l pwN "kp
D@@@ @F "@zoD@N@"  "Cp@zC P@@@d" D@ "D@l@r@
, l F .l Dk A qC  lk oCp "OvP@@@d"
 vCpkok  PvC C ok "vCpOwoA"  vCpk p@
PDhk Od oC oCkC  pFlN ok ,kp qC @@ qC p@O@@@F D@
ok kp  qC pO vCpOwoAok  A Dd  ,loCk O@w@
Dl Pd D Od  l Ow PD@hk P@@@d
,Pw F N  Dd , zoDN ok .loD@zl@C@p@
A l DF "vCpk" qC pNOD lN vCpk C ZpC
.kz C MDzC  MkCpC D p ok  ,PvC
 Ow PDhk  lODok ,vo qC xJ vDv oC CpHdD
,Pd pC ok DOd D DA PpSC D kp  @@vC@F
 lkp p "vCpk" qC llV pwN ,o C qC .Pw @
C qpC  DZ ,llz EDD oD C ok  lOhCkpJA qC Dk F
F ,XolNF Od  PvC lz OpnJ ,CV  ok DGpN @p@@
pV ,d  PvDv ok "C"   DO yqoC @ Mo@
,pF D D@@@p@ @C@V ok ,@@C .P@vC l@z
pO  PvC oCkohpF D P@@@G@@ D@@Z qC @vCp@@k
e  TeF Od  oDC  ko ko Co AlFD MCpV ll@C
p pRDN PeN , Dw Dlw qC oD@w@F .l@k oCp@
 loCk yN  l kD ,rrN  N DF "vCp@@k"qC Ep@
.l p vCpk r Co vC Od D
b F Z  kz DF Z "vCpk" G llV p@
pF DeVo kp qCDp D kCpC lwJkph  @@@ @@k
,l rWN  VN ,kp pk pF Co DA Pd  loCl p@D@v
DOVC oC oCkC  pFlN ok ,DVkCpC  @ P@vC A P@vok
Co DizC  l  llwJ kh  Co C  l PDhk
q k p ok lDF xJ .loDF C CpVC F lChkh @
Z  .lzDFoDOhC HdD kp kh ,A Cp@VC  @D@ @
DC q k C qC  b ok DA vCF  Ow@ P@D@hk
Mo "" vN  "N" pF DODhk lDF ,kp@n@J@@
ykh lCO w pC ,kp oC ok  o D Pvok ,kp
oD ClF  lCh C qC  lrpF  lkDW@C Co oD@
G D Z DlO ,DV kCpC  C F OwF OGC .kqCkpKF
 o (NCpk) oDwkp D ,l kh   lrpF Co
F  Dw ,oDwkpDD pSC ok .lFD@ kl@@O@ D@@zC
xW DC lz lrpF kp v qC @@O@w@ Mo@
,xW DlD pF  kp ,DDqC F ok .lCoCnD
D oV xo S ,lrpF vCF ,r Co p@k D@w@
F .Co kh pz oCkpz Od D o D Ck xo D pqPwi@
 MDFDiOC DF OdoC DlO qC  Cl  C ,pk MoDG
D kh ,CVok k MDFDiOC DF  Cl  kz lrpF CVok
.kkp oDwkpDD N

(PpSC DlD Pd) llV vCpk pF DkCpC
 v qC Ovk  ,PvC koC DzC Ovk v r p@ @C p@F
 OwOrJ p HNDp qC pk Ovk ,vDv  d HND
F C .l cp C   PvC ND@@zC @v @O@vk
.qCkpJC Ovk MDzC
kp v qC  Od oC DlO  C Pwi D@zC (@C
pk Z  oCnDxW D@C @Z @ l@@z@ l@r@p@F
HiO F ,lOw DV kCpC  HiO @ DV oC w
 zDF @O@zCk p@@ ok p@C l@@D@l@@k Co P@p@S@C
Fh F ,kCpC   lCDV kCpC qC iF  ,DlkCo
DlD , D Od oC DlO lz lCh @
DSOvCF ,DV kCpC   C .lCD@V @ qC @@Z@ r@V
MDFDiOC ok  Dw   C D l PoD@@ MD@FD@i@O@Cok
C llF PGS Co Dw D x F l@@@ P@p@z
 lrpF ,lO  ,koC qC oDwF ok PV  F .Pw@@
go Cv C DWC ok.PvC DV kCpC qC @@ l@ok l@@D@@
lpnKF Co lO C  lr DV kCpC k Z F  lD
 kG DF p ?l PDC Co   lk PDoC   p F 
PDhkPd ok vCF  DNpzDG lCN kp@ @@ @Z
F DN l EDiOC kh DlD C@@ @F Co @D@w@ ,l@@@
OzCk PDhk  Cp O oC ok ,DA v qC lD@@
kh  oC ok PDhk d    ,uDvC C pF ?lzD@F
.lzDF OzCk PDd DV kCpC p@F @ l@vp@ Co   koCk Co
Co C  OC A pF koCl d @D@V kCp@C P@p@S@C l@@D@@
PpSC v qC  w F lvo Z ,l P@@@dl@Cl@r@@p@F
lCDV kCpC  qC Z @i@F k@h @ @ D@l@@kCo
kh lD ,kh Co DF lk Co  w .PvC lz lrpFB
C lD  p xJ ,Co kp  lD  l @@@ Co
.kp  d ok  lzDF nD  oDV lCN ykh d ok @
lO   Dw CoA F CpZPvC kp Co oD   pC
PGS Co  F  lCk G  D lN OwDz  @ Co
?kz DOC  VN,lCkCl
D  F w  Dq C , lCkCk ECV Z DzC C F
,PpSC Co  PpnJ kCk PGS Co A vDvC D  vD@@v
 MDFDiOC WO  vDvC D DO C ok ,lzDF GO  D
p  PvC Pvok DDR  PvC kp G lzDFZ p Co p@@Co
 Opn@J Co C @ @D@w@ @F P@G@w@ @@ Cl@O@FC @@D@d
PGS Co  F  DClF PGw  ,koCk PD@dl@Cl@r@p@F
D ,Dd lzlrpF qC xJ ,r Di @@ @ ,l@CkCl@
lld F ,k Mo ok  . D lk PDo  PD@d@F
l lq DVD ok  lD qpv D ok D ,kh
 lp J ok pv Co D lpnJ Co Pd D oDZD @F 
.lCon oDqo pk CDVok  pk qpv ok
CoA COJ F , vDvC D C .Pw DzCF r ECV @C
A F  lzDF kCpC DwFZ ,CpFDF  lFD oDGOC  yqoC kp@
Z  P CN Dw Z F .lCkCl PG@S@ Co r@@
ok N  A MDO  qC F lDF,lCOpn@J Co @vD@vC @D@
ok qCok Nl  w .Pw DvA oD r kppv D@D@R .l@@k
h kp  qpv A DF  Owq kp D ok  Dhqpv
Z ,koCkDlGDJ  DOwFk  MDGvD qC GC  PvC Op
ok  kppF pv Pho  lpF oDk  oD qC k ,Pv F lC@N@
qDA Owq pk kp D ok lC PDC do pk @qp@v
 ED C F D  kz pi O w @@@Z ?l@@
Co OGC ,kp J ok pv Co D kkp wNEGeD Dl@O@
C C qC  Pw D ClF C DC .lr@@p@F Co P@w@i@
pz F  kp lvD F lwC k F ,PvC lzh  Co DlO
Z  (oNDOk) kClGOvCPd ok .PvC kCk PDo pO
v DOD kp qC lGOw D@d p@C .l@k@ go p@C
,kqDv Clq Co Co DA ,PhCkpJ qC DOC Mook  l GD@@
Co Cz OGC ,ED z k C wD qC xJ kp pSC D @
ok DA .lph qDF Co DV  N PdCo ,J PhCkpJ DF  lrp@F
?lqCkpJ MDD PGo Do pv qC ,kp P CN D@d @C
b vCpk D xJ Pw DOC kp D@@C  CoA @F p@C
 pC  koCl kClGOvC Pd FPGw O@@  D@e@Vo
p  Co ,Pd pC DlO kFD  C kFp@G@O@@
qC  iF kzhD ,NCpk D  okxJ ,PvC kp
?kp VN CN Z Co DV kCpC
PD .lFD oh ok ivDJ o b F ,DzC C D D@ @F
Cpv C qC pOF CoZ  PvC C lF lCN  @@i@v
.o Co  F oDZD F ,oCl
lZ pF N l lZ  koC qC oDwF ok  C k D@@zC (E
o u kClN  p .l Pd N  l@
p oCr o A oCnD xW DC kClN   Pw@k
D F ,xW DC qC N lDJ qC F  p r .lzD@F
ok .lDi D A DF ,o A kp GD  lk PG@S@ Co
F ,lCkp HN Co oFr D DwW PpSC @Z ,D@d@C
A PD qCrZ r kp  PDi  lAok  @@dp@
.lD
DA oDz  p ,koC  C ok  P@ C@N@@ D@A
PvC Pvok ?lDdN  Pwk pF PvC lDJ qC pNCp lC
ok  .lz lrpF kp vN oCnD xW DC 
kp kh Co hpF Co kp DlDDw@ qC oD@@w@F
D D qC oDwF kp DNC F Hp PpSC PD@i@ .l@oCk
oCpOvC  D  vDv DDJ qC F ok DDo koD@F
Co PDi qC PvCC DDo ok COw D@@z@
.kp kh PpSC Co DF kp DlD PpSC
 Cl HDV ,kp kh Co DF kp lD Co oDN ok DvDvC
Co C kp  llO@vC kp@ l@@D@@ ?P@p@ l@D@F Co
C r kp lOvC .lpnKF Co Co lDF CpFDF  lCl@r@p@F
 ,lzDF DA iv  lDDN lClrpF Co  D@A @ P@vC
DG  pF ?kp lDF Z koC C ok .DA @D@i@ D@Fq
F Co d  ok  kCk kp F Co d lD@F@vCp@@k p@@
pv F lD  Cok DN Cpq ,lk kp D@l@@D@@
HNpN lF  lOw DF kh H  D ok DlD,l@D@@
CpF  CoDN CpD .lpe kh DlD r d qC kp
DDF F DGD  A  PvC lpF CpOC kDp lD kp
 oDOp  PzCkqDF rV CWO kz C @@@ ,@C
HNpN kp CpOC F  O ,C .koA oDF F pVq  xGd
 MDFDOC  DkDp  C lzDF k@h oD@ @J ok l@@l@ p@RC
?koCk kv Z DDKCo  MCpDN
FD kClN CO pCo k D ok , C DzC v (U
DlD lCNDC lvo F v F DV kCpC qC V@N
@ HDO pCo k D ok  Dw CpZ .lrp@F Co k@h
FDN   lDF lz DFB P@vC D@v P@@ D@N @v @@F @
DA DwF Z  lCkp EDiOC Co DA Dzkh  lzDF DlD@
pC ,Ozn C qC ?lCk GD  MDDDZ qCpdC @ Co
XDO lDz ,l@O@zCk@ P@p@z MD@FD@i@O@C ok r@@ D@@D@F@
,lClz lrpF  Dw qC F  lz pkMDFD@i@O@C
kz PN Dq DzC C .xDF  llz@ l@r@p@F
iz p D pq Pwi D oV xo D oCnD xW @@
qC  PpSC HiO,kz EDiOC kp vN @ p@@k
 F ,DA lok DWJ qC F lC S  lzDG Dl@@kCo
ok   koCk  DOdC ,Mo Cok .lzDF kCk P@G@S@ Co
d  Dw PpSC lrpF pk ,JokJ pCo k D
CoClp qC CoDJ  ,D C ok Cpq ,lzDG l@oCkkCkCo
qC qC pO C lq CoCkC PvC @@  l@o@ D@@k qC C
  koA p ok pC Di ,lzDF lz Dl@@kCo
.lzDF OzCk PDi lN DF  DDF qC h PvC
 fD F  Dw MDzC  @ k Ovk MDzC @F @@C
.qCkpJ @lD kp   Co qC pNCp C lvD
DOvk DkA Z , PvC C DOwOr@J p@@ C D@@zC (k
fD  lCh A CpF Co Pd D@@O@vk oCn@@@D@
oCnD DlO MDFDiOC lDG ,l DN Co D@D@@O@VC
 kp DNC F Hp PpSC Cpq,PzCn kp lpF Co P@d
 lrpF Co Dw  lvDz Co Dzkh fD Dzkh
uDzPe DizC kp EDiOC  CpZ ,lzDF uDz Pe@
.Pw Dd kp  CpF PhDz C  PvCDA OhDz p
 kD D eN J ok kp PpSC Z ,Ozn@ @C qC (@
lD F Co Dw,lOw Dzkh p  iz A  VD@
ok  Co Dw  l DN DCpF Co D D  lrpF
@ DDwC  F @ DV DC  phC k fD lC
DGkF DDwC pOF ,pk MoDG F .loCk yh ClZ ,lzDF
D  ph  lV D  D ,oClDJ MkDv  ,lonkq MCn
 CoA  l kh lDCo Dw DG ,o C qC .c  c 
ok ,koA Cp Co DA pqo OdCo  zh MDGV@ D@@D@@C
Co kp Pe  lzDF Dw lDF oCDl@@O@ @ @No@
F DV fD NDFDiOC D DF xJ .Co DzlDzh  l@@C@i@F
.lAPvk
@ Dzkh q F @  lrpF Co Dw kp@ P@vC @@@ (
 l PDoFh F  lvDz  Co lvD@  f@D@@
D lOzClJ kp Co aA h , D ok Dlz EDiOC
lCkp D kp  lCkG DZqDA qC  C qC C ,lk
ok qC xJ  lCkF lCOzDC kp   D ClO@FC ok D@
ED DF MeN yiOvk ,PvDo  Mol O@p@P@vk
.lClz
r d kp ,oDwkp D@D@@ ok @@@ p@@k @v qC
Pw C rVCoDZ WO ok .loCl Co kh DGiO  DlrpF
k kp ,Od oC DlO kDwC  kDw lz qC lF @
DvlZ Ml DN lp J okoDOC  pG PvDv  ll@@F p@
l ,DV kCpC CpF CN Z .lApv F lD  PD
lDz Dv lZ  PvCh DA qC DA  lz Pzpv@@@@N @d
 lzDF khDOVC oC okD MDlN  D D DODV  DO
Pzpv ,DOd kp  A CpF ?loh pV h  l M@v
DlO H d   D lDFlzDF OzCk Pvk ok Co k@h
.lzDF lVC r Co DA r d loCk Co oC
"vCpk" D  E CN  l DkC Dw PvC 
S ,koAok vDv D p@O@@F @@z @F Co A  kkq Co
Co DA Co hpF D pC  kCk d  F CN
D ,lqDv E , DV F pk  l r Co C ,kp oDC
ok ,D F v F lvo e @F @ kCk mC D@@D@FD@ @F
 kCk qDVC kp F D ,lrpF ClD  lV PpzNDFDiOC
z  lz pePvCo Co qC O oC DlO qC  Dp
N C CpF DV  lqDv yoDpF ,Pp J ok OvokD@
.l
.Pw Up  Up rV oD Z Dd  P@ l@D@F EC@V ok
ld DN ,DOVC CdC DC  koCk DOC DV Pe z@F
DlO lDF ,o C CpF .lDF oClDJ  PFDR ,E  @@
H  r yiOvk @ olC Od @ oC@w@  H@D@@
 rocp Co NlqCok  lkv DDpF lCO@F D@N l@@zD@G@
.lCpVC
kp k Z F  loCk pO  pNvDvC DzC r @@C (q
,d  DOVC CCpVC D   CpF Co Dw l@oCk @d
DO Clh Oi DODC ,D  ?loD oD F  lrp@F
DO  HC  liF  DDwC iFOw@ @ P@vC
 d DwC  No ok D@@N .P@vC D@A @@@  kD@
kp  D ,ko A ok DO Clh  koCk kp CpFD
DwC b ,HNpN F .lzDF kCk oCnD mC  F  lzD@F
DO Clh pC  ,C mC F p koCl Cpk pF P@@d @d
DA Dd  ,kp E  kp pF PDd CpF Co w@
.lCi Z  lCiF Z ,kF lCh
vDv DD pF  PvC Pvok lF @D@w@ P@vC @@@
 PpnJ lDFDd  ok DC ,P@vC koC @ND@@zC oD@w@kp@
PvC Clz OhDz vDv D pOF (vCpk) oDwkp@
F lGDJ  ok PvC pOF xJ .PvCOD Co ClF ,DN pF @
DF A HD  C qC zF ,vCpk p DG  C
. kr E ld F D F D CoA 
p DG uDvC pF  @ D l F .Pw Pvok r @i@v @C
p  cp CNDD @ Cp Dlk qC   @@C
qC PvC GpN  DN  @  vCpk qC F HNCp F  kp
N  DN Co DDwC fD @ vCpOwoA  vCp@@k
lO @ DOwOrJ hpF D  @ CO DoDF OG@C .l@@@
DlwJ  DOvCh  ,PvC kp fD DN Pd@@@
kp  ,Aok   kDJ D CN D ,DJ C pF .DA
OzCk PDhk ,oC pFlN ok FD Cdp lZ MDFDiOC p qC
((1)).kkp DN pOFDzDOVC fD   lzDF

!?C Ph  vCpk