Fotnote

61 - In August 1978 (Murdad 1357 AHS), on the 72nd anniversary of the constitutional revolution, the Shah while praising his own White Revolution said: "Not even one of the tenets of the White Revolution has a precedent in the past 3,000 years of social history in Iran, and not only this, but many of these tenets have perhaps no equal in many of the world's progressive countries either. From the point of view of social justice, when one asks the farmer, or the now farmer who has become the landowner, what his views on the matter are, he replies: 'It's as if I've been born again, that I have been given a new lease of life; at that time I was a slave and the landowner did whatever he wanted(!)

62 - In the Shah's book Towards the Great Civilisation we read: "The White Revolution initiated an industrial era in Iran, in today's sense of the word, and the age of mechanised farming has also arrived. Today, we are able to attract the most up to date technology and science. Our country has left the stage of light industry behind and has now set foot into the wonderful world of heavy industry."

63 - The Pahlavi family carried on a thirty year campaign of misleading propaganda for the establishment of a steel factory in Iran. They told the people that the cause of Iran's backwardness was due to its not having a steelworks, and that if one were to be established, all of the nation's industrial needs would be met! On the basis of this propaganda, even some of the well informed and educated people became eager to see the development of a steel industry in Iran and the steelworks became a national aspiration, the nationalistic aspect of it being strengthened by the failure of Riza Khan to establish the Karaj steel mill. In the early 1970s, after the Soviet Union and the USA had reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the world and following Khruschchev's proposal of a "peaceful policy," Iran's big northern neighbour could sit quietly by and accept America s political dominance over Iran. However, the Russians did so on condition that they too receive a share of the spoils. In effect, the establishment of the steel factory in Isfahan was a bribe that the Americans paid to the Russians. The latter, who had always hoped to restablish their presence in Iran and who were in dire need of bases to preserve their interests in the region, thus saw their hopes materialise. Consequently, the strained relations between Iran and the Soviet Union and the propaganda war between the two regimes, which had reached a climax during the '50s, now gave way to "peaceful" relations. The Soviet Union loaned Iran thirty six million dollars for the construction of a dam on the border river Aras; Iran in return granted huge concessions to large American, British and French companies who were members of the consortium and to some other Italian and Japanese firms. Following this, the Soviet Union loaned Iran the money for the construction of the Isfahan steel factory which was to produce 600,000 tons per year and according to the agreement signed between the two countries, the loan was to be repaid by gas exports to the Soviet Union. The cost of constructing the gas trunk line to the Soviet Union was about 725 million dollars which the Iranian government borrowed from a consortium of European banks and for which it had to pay an additional 58 million dollars in interest! The Soviet Union earned a net profit of 60 million dollars per year from its sale of Iranian gas to Europe. The prime motive for the establishment of the steel factory was political, and because of this its economic and efficiency aspects were not a Concern. Consequently, its initial capacity was set at the least possible production volume of six hundred thousand tons of pig iron per year. The Shah was able to put the Aryamehr steel mill to good propaganda use, constantly citing it as an example of his independent national policy in his attempts to show that he was not dependent on the American'; and was able to establish relations with any country regardless of its ideology and standing in World politics.

64 - Refer to footnote 13 of Speech 31.

65 - The Shah used to spend part of the country's revenue on heavily financing propaganda campaigns. Both ambassadors and the Royal Public Relations Bureau gave millions of dollars to writers and publicity agencies and to the press, radio and television, to ensure that the Shah's crimes and treacherous activities remained concealed and that instead he was introduced as one of the world's great politicians and outstanding thinkers. Le Point, printed in France, voted the Shah as "The man of the year"! Barry Rubin, the American researcher, in his book The Power Struggle in Iran writes: "The extensive nature of the propaganda which was spread by the regime was one of the main reasons why the latter's shortcomings remained hidden." The sums of money given by the Shah for propaganda purposes were so vast that rivalry broke out between Iranologists from America, England, France, Germany, Italy and Holland over the translation of material such as the Shah's own book or the Mu 'arrifi
yi Tamaddun va Shahhan i Gozashta. Such payments were made in absolute secrecy and hence the exact amounts involved for these or other payments offered as bribes for propaganda are not yet known.Documents uncovered since the victory of the Revolution however, both in Iran and in Iranian embassies abroad, indicate that these amounts were quite substantial. In America alone, millions of dollars were spent each year on popularizing the Shah's regime. Among the contracts made to this end, was the five
hundred and seven thousand dollar contract made with the New York public relations counselling agency "Ruder and Finn, Inc."; the agreement to pay Marion Javits, the wife of Senator Javits, an annual sum of sixty
seven thousand five hundred dollars; and the regular payment of exorbitant sums to William Rogers, the former Foreign Minister of the United States. Following his departure from Iran in November 1978 (Aban 1357), Siamak Zand, the head of the press section of the Royal Public Relations Bureau, stated in an interview that he used to bribe most of the foreign journalists. In the same interview he clearly named four of the journalists in question to be the editor
in chief of the American magazine Newsweek; two journalists from The Daily Telegraph and The Times; and the French reporter Gerard de Villiers. Refer to The Power Struggle in Iran, p. 117; In the Service of the Peacock Throne, p. 310; and the Herald Tribune newspaper of November 17, 1978 (Aban 26, 1357 AHS).

66 - Refer to footnote 13 of Speech 32.

67 - See the newspapers for October 16 and 17, 1978 (Mehr 24 and 26, 1357 AHS); and Taqvim
i Tarikh i Inqilab i Islami yi Iran, p. 156.

68 - Quran: Sura Zilzal (The Shaking), verse 7.

69 - Ibid.verse8.

70 - In the Gospel of Saint Matthew it reads: You have heard ii said an eve for an eve and a tooth for a too/h, hut I say unto you, that ye resist not evil: hut whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also, and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to lake thy coal also.

71 - Reference to the country of China whose population was estimated to he one billion people at the tune of this speech.

72 - this occurred when the Prophet (phuh) had returned from battle against the infidels of Tabuk. The inunafiqin (hypocrites) approached the Prophet and told him that they had built a mosque to where people could go on cold and rainy nights and where the sick could find shelter. They then requested that the Prophet take part in a congregational prayer which was to he held in their mosque. The Prophet said that he would reply to this request on his return from Tahuk; and having returned, he ordered for the mosque lit question to he demolished. Subsequently the following holy verse was revealed: And those who built a masjid (mosque) to cause harm and for unbelief and cause disunion among the believer, ... (Sura Tauba (Repentance). verse 107).

73 - Muhammad Riza Shahs regime.

74 - Taqvim i Tarikh i Inqilab i Islami yi Iran, p. 153.

75 - ibid. p. 156. As quoted by the French news agency on October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24. 1357 AHS).

76 - On October 16. 1978, Imam Khomeini spoke for those present on three different occasions. The first two of these addresses have been included in the present work and have been designated as Speech 35 and Speech 36. However, due to the poor quality of the recorded tape, which has rendered the third address inaudible, the latter has not been included in this book. Should a suitable and discernible recording of this latter speech be obtained, then God willing, a copy of this discourse will be added to the contents of future editions?

77 - Imam spoke to his audience beneath a fifty square
metre awning which had been erected in the yard of his residence at Neauphle le Chateau, but due to a lack of space many people actually remained standing out in the cold, open air.

78 - In 1 830, France dispatched troops to Algeria with a view to conquering this country but in so doing it met with resistance from the Algerian people. The leader of this resistance Amir Abdulqadir Jazayeri engaged in a prolonged battle against the French and following seventeen years of fighting and conflict was eventually defeated and captured by his French opponents. In 1847, having occupied a large area of Algeria, the French actually colonized the country; and by the beginning of the twentieth century the whole of Algeria lay under French control Following a prolonged period of resistance by th&~ Algerian people in 1959 Do Gaulle eventually gave them political autonomy Since the Algerian combatants sought complete independence however, they continued in their struggle against the French until 1962 when Do Gaulle was forced to sign a peace pact which granted full independence to Algeria. Nevertheless, the French military command was deeply disappointed by the signed agreement and thus took measures to stir up internal strife in Algeria. At the end of the day, the Algerian revolution left one million Algerians dead
Algerians who had been killed by the French.

79 - Stalin believed in the motto: "The dead are still." Anyone was likely to have heard Stalin say the words "we shall shoot you down," for he believed this to be the solution to all problems. Lenin was no different. During the "Red Terrorism" campaign which was a campaign carried out on Lenin's orders to counteract "White Terrorism," a series of mass executions were held, those executed having no recourse to any kind of trial. It is said that within a few minutes Lenin once recalled and prepared a long list of the names of suspected opponents of the revolution who were to be sentenced to death, to which list he then gave his signature! Refer to the book: Kajraheh, by Ehsan Tabari, the former theorist of the Tudeh Party in Iran.

80 - Lenin.

81 - this is probably a reference to Jalal Al
i Ahmad and his book: Gharbzadagi (Xenomania).

82 - On October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24, 1357 AHS), the regime's tanks set off towards. Bihisht
i Zahra cemetery and other areas of major importance within the city of Tehran. This day commemorated the fortieth day following the death of those martyred on Black Friday (September 8, 1978 (Shahrivar 17, 1357 AHS)); the first anniversary of Ayatullah Mustafa Khomeini's martyrdom (Imam Khomeini's eldest son); and the regimes killing of people in Khurramabad, Kermanshah, Amul, Babul, Bukan, Mahabad and other Iranian 1cities. The entire city of Tehran was closed down, and people made their way towards Bihisht
i Zahra cemetery in such numbers that contemporary newspaper reports described this mourning ceremony as the greatest in history. On leaving the cemetery, clashes broke out between the soldiers and the people; the latter were dispersed by the soldiers and the bodies of three dead civilians were left lying at what was formerly known as Farahabad junction Demonstrations also took place in other cities, and in some places the people Were savagely attacked by certain groups who were carrying sticks, clubs and other weapons See the Ittila'at newspaper for October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24, 1357 AHS).

83 - Refer to the press reports of October 17 to 21. 1978 (Mehr 25
29 1357 AHS).

84 - The Confessions of a general, pp. 35 ,36.

85 - Ibad. pp.36
38.

86 - Upon assuming power, Riza Khan's first moves against the religious establishment consisted of prohibiting the holding of Qur'an and religious classes and congregational prayer gatherings in the schools as well as banning religious ceremonies and rauzas throughout the country. He even put restrictions and conditions on funeral services. One by one, he closed theological schools and opened new schools under the directorship of court
affiliated clergymen. The Ma'qul va Manqul (religious studies) school (in the former Sepah Sala school) serves as an example of one such school. The regime's only official organisation for religious affairs and propagation was the "Thought Development Foundation' which was established in 1938 at great cost. It proved to be a meeting place where Riza Khan's venal preachers and orators came together to praise him. According to statistics, before the reign of Riza Khan the number of theological schools in the country was two hundred and eighty
two and the number of theological students approximately five thousand nine hundred and eighty
four. In the year 1941, the year that his rule ended, the number of students at the theological schools had dropped to seven hundred and eighty
four; that is, to less than one eighth the number of sixteen years previously. Refer to Tarikh
i Novin i Iran, p. 86; Khaterat va Khatarat, p. 378; Tarikh i bist Saleh ... Vol. 6, p. 203; Qiyam i Gauhar Shad, pp. 48 ,50.

87 - In 1935 (1314 MIS), Riza Khan forced the people of Iran to abandon the national and traditional form of dress for a foreign one. The writ which was issued in this regard was called the "Uniformity of Appearance Writ" and it applied to everyone including even the clergy. The people, who were truly angered by these measures, turned to the clergy for guidance and the latter thus commanded them to rise up in opposition. In the struggle which ensued, Ayatullah Husayn Qummi was sent into exile in Iraq (the home of the holy shrines of some of the noblest figures of Islam); and Yunes Ardebili, Muhaqiq Khurasani and the latter's son were tried in court and sentenced to imprisonment, Ayatullah Khurasani's son actually dying shortly after having been forcibly divested of his religious garb. Furthermore, about one hundred of the country's most distinguished clergymen and preachers were also arrested and imprisoned during the course of this protest.

88 - Sayyid Hasan Mudarris political figures in the recent history of Iran. He received his elementary education in Isfahan and then travelled to the cities of the holy shrines (the cities of Iraq where certain of the imams are buried: Najaf, Karbala and Kazimayn, and to a certain extent some others) where he received further education from such scholars as Mullah Muhammad Kazem Khurasani and, after graduation to the level of ijtihad, he returned to Isfahan and began teaching Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and principles (usul). In 1909, at the time of the Second National Assembly, he entered Parliament having been chosen by the maraji '
i taqlid and the 'ulama of Najaf as one of the five mujtahids who were to oversee the lawmaking procedures. At the time of the Third National Assembly, he was chosen as a member of Parliament. When Riza Khan carried out his coup d'etat, Mudarris was arrested and sent into exile, but after being freed he was again chosen by the people and again entered Parliament. In the Fourth National Assembly, he headed the opposition majority against Rim Khan. At the time of the Fifth and Sixth National Assemblies, he opposed the proposal for the establishment of a republic, which Riza Khan was in favour of, to replace the constitutional government, and he dissuaded the Parliament from approving it. He was resolute in his stand against the stubborn Riza Khan, such that the Shah hired an assassin to kill Mudarris and when he escaped the attempt, he sent him first into exile in the remote town of Khaf near the Afghan border, and later in Kashmar, where eleven years later in Ramadan 1938, the agents of the Shah poisoned him. In this way, one of the greatest political and religious personalities of Iran was martyred in the way of Allah. Mudarris possessed outstanding qualities, and even though he was a man of great political and religious influence he lived very simply Imam Khomeini always spoke of him with a great deal of respect. The leader of the revolution, on the occasion of the renovation of Mudarris grave, wrote: "At a time when pens were broken, voices silenced and throats gripped, he never ceased from revealing the truth and abolishing falsehood... this feeble scholar, weak in body but strong in a spirit joyful from belief, sincerity and truth and possessing a tongue like the sword of Haydar Karar (Imam All) stood in front of them and shouted out the truth and disclosed the crimes, making life difficult for Riza Khan and blackening his days Finally he sacrificed his own pure life in the way of dear Islam and the noble nation, and was martyred in exile at the hands of the Oppressive Shah's executioner and joined his virtuous forefathers." For further information on Imam's views on Mudarris see Imam' s historic decree dated September 19, 1984 (Shabrivar 18, 1363 AHS). (Sahifa
yi Nur, Vol. 9, p. 66).

89 - Mirza Muhammad (Aqazadeh) Najafi Khurasani (1877
1938 AD) the son of Akhund Khurasani began his studies with his father and received the authorisation for becoming a mujtahid from him. In 1907, he left Najaf for Khurasan in Iran and took up residence in Mashhad where he taught usul and fiqh for a while. He was a staunch supporter of the constitutional movement and with the rise to power of Riza Khan and the establishment of his despotic rule, he continued struggling against oppression and called upon the people to rise up against the first Pahiavi monarch. After the barbaric events at Gauhar Shad mosque in Mashhad, Khurasani was arrested and sentenced to death. However, measures taken by those at the Najaf theological school forced Riza Khan s regime to commute his sentence. Consequently, he was held in prison for a while and upon his release he was expelled from Mashhad and forced to move to Tehran. There his home was kept under constant surveillance. It is believed that he died at the hands of one Doctor Ahmadi who killed him while treating him for an illness. His body was laid to rest at the shrine of 'Abdul 'Azim. Some of his most notable works are: Kitab al
Qaza; Al Shahadat and Mabhath al Fazz. Refer to Tarikh i Bist Saleh yi Iran, Vol. 6, p. 252.

90 - One of the freedom movements during the despotic reign of Riza Khan was that of the 'ulaina of the Iranian province of Azerbayjan. This movement was led by Mirza Sadiq Aqa and Angaji, two of the great religious jurisprudents (fuqaha) and maraji' of the people of Azerbayjan. In order to suppress the movement, Riza Khan sent these two theologians first to Kurdistan and then to Qum. Angaji was able to return to Tabriz after a while, but Sadiq Aqa remained in exile in Qum until the end of his life.

91 - Ayatullah Mirza Sadiq, the great religious jurisprudent (faqih) and marja' of the people of Azerbayjan province, resided in Tabriz. He was one of the great theologians and mujtahids of the Shi'as during the first half of the twentieth century. Hajj Mirza Abulhasan Angaji (1862
1937 AD) the son of Sayyid Muhammad Shaykh Shari'at was one of the religious jurisprudents and maraji' of Tabriz. He studied under Hajj Mirfattah Sarabi and Mirza Mahmud Usuli in Tabriz until 1884 when he went to Najaf to study under Faze! Irvani, Hajj Mirza Habibullah Roshani and Aqa Shaykh Muhammad Hasan Mamaqani. Four years later, towards the end of 1888, he returned to Tabriz and began teaching. In first in Sanandaj and then in Qum. He died in Tabriz in 1937. His works include: Kitab
i Hajj and Hashiyeh bar Riyaz.

92 - On the outskirts of Sanandaj.

93 - In September 1927, Rim Shah issued a decree which implicitly prohibited the clergy from carrying out some of their duties and from involvement in the country s affairs. His decree was in fact a declaration of war against the clergy. First reactions came when protests against the military service law were held by the people of Isfahan and about one hundred 'ulama and ,mujtahids of Isfahan. together with a group of other inhabitants of that city, travelled en masse to Qum. The "Qum migrants as they became known. were led by one Hajj Aqa Nurullah Rithani. Upon arrival in Qum. the migrants called on the 'ulama and maraji from across the country to join them in Qurn in their show of opposition. About seven hundred clergymen responded to their call. Contemporaneous with this event, people in different Iranian cities held anti
government demonstrations. The spread of this opposition to his new policies compelled Rim Khan to respond. He sent some of his representatives along with his Prime Minister and Court Minister to Qom to speak with Hajj Aqa Nurullah and the other 'ulama. Eventually, the government was forced to give in to the migrants' demands which included a review of the military service law; the selection of five 'ulama to take seats in the Parliament and the appointment of an overseer of Islamic laws in the towns and cities of Iran. However. Haji Aqa Nurullah. who had stipulated that the migrants would return to Isfahan only when their conditions were met and officially ratified, died under mysterious circumstances during the night of December 25, 1927. Subsequently, with the death of their leader, the protesters dispersed. returning to their respective home towns. Refer to Tank/i
i Bist Saleh vi Iran. Vol. 4, p.! 396 and Nihzat j Ruhanivun i Iran, Vol. 2, p. 157.

94 - Concerning Imam's own behaviour towards the rich, his son, Hajj Sayyid Abmad Khomeini, has recorded one particular incident which is worthy of mention, he writes: "A keeper of the Holy Shrine in Qum, Mr. Hajj Sayyid Abulfazl Mesbah, known as towliat (= the custodian), was a supporter of Imam, and because of this he was vexed and tormented by the Shah's regime. After his dismissal from his post, Mr. Mesbah, who was a wealthy man, went to Imam in Paris and said: "I am at the end of my life now and I have eighty
six million tumans which 1 would like to give to you." Apparently someone had encouraged him to do this so that lmam could increase the sum of money he sent regularly for the religious students. This amount of money at that time was indeed great and would have proved very useful, but lmam simply thanked him and refused his offer. I was somewhat surprised at his refusal and asked him: "Why did you not accept the money?" Imam replied: "We have never taken money from the capitalists but still they accuse us and our movement of having links with the rich and the landlords. Just imagine what would happen if we did take money from them!" After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, whenever someone offered lmam a large sum of money he did not accept it saying: "These monies are their religious dues (the rights of God and the rights of the people) which they have not paid, by offering them to me they hope to settle their religious accounts."

95 - It refers to Verse 44 of Sura Ta Ha (Mystic Letters, T. H.) of the Qur'an: speak to him mildly perchance he may take warning or fear (God)."

96 - On October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24, 1357 AHS), the Shah said: "They not only want to take our country back to before the time of the Shah
People Revolution, but they want to take it back one thousand or two thousand years." hula 'a: newspaper, October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24. 1357 AHS).

97 - The title Aryamehr, which means "the sun and the light of the Aryan race," was created by Riza Zadeh Shafaq, a senator from the province of Azerbayjan. Asadullah 'Alum, who had asked the writers and other literary personalities of the time to think of an honorific title for the Shah, chose Aryamehr. In 1967, the National Consultative Assembly bestowed this title upon the Shah. The title reflected the nationalist ideology of the regime and demonstrated its rejection of Islamic ideology. R.K. Karanjia, in the book The Mind of a Monarch, p. 236, reports the Shah as one who hoped for a revival of the great Aryan Civilisation as seen in the days of the Emperor Cyrus. Under the Third Reich, Iranians resident in Germany were officially classed as "Aryans" and permitted to marry German Citizens.

98 - According to official statistics, in 1978 oil production before the start of strikes in the oil industry was 5.3 million barrels a day.

99 - Refer to footnote 1 of Speech 31.

100 - After the events of June 5, 1963 (the uprising of Khurdad 15), the government prepared for parliamentary elections. It took the decision to keep representatives of the opposition groups out of Parliament and let a number of people involved in the "land reform programme" and workers' representatives (members of SAVAK) in. Thus, a congress entitled "Free Men and Free Women" was created under the leadership of Hasan 'Au Mansur. This assembly which was formed with the assistance of America and described itself as being loyal to the principles of the Shah
People Revolution put new faces in the seats of Parliament. Amongst these were: Hasan 'Au Mansur; 'Abbas Rusta, a rich tailor from Tehran; Habibi, one of the famous wrestling champions of Iran; Majid Mohsaini, a cinema actor and a radio celebrity; 'Abbas Mirzai, the workers' representative from the tobacco company and a member of SAVAK.

101 - Refer to the Tehran evening newspapers of August 6, 1978 (Murdad 15, 1357 AHS
the Shah's speech to commemorate the seventy third anniversary of constitutional government), and August 19, 1978 (the press conference held by the Shah to mark the anniversary of the coup of Murdad 28). Also refer to footnote 15 of Speech 31 in this Volume

102 - Sharif Imami who had previously blamed himself for the dreadful criminal events of September 8, 1978 (Shahrivar 17, 1357 AHS) (Black Friday) had named his government the "national reconciliation government."

103 - Referring to the conduct of imam Ali: refer to speech 21 in volume 1.

104 - lttila'at newspaper, October 15, 1978 (Mehr 23. 1357 AHS), according to reporters from Reuter, United Press and Associated Press.

105 - In the early days of October 1978 (Shahrivar 1357 AHS), Nasir Moqaddam. the head of SAVAK. delivered a message from one of the country's clergymen to the Shah. In the message, the clergyman requested the Shah to make some fundamental changes in his policies in order to calm the situation and preserve the regime. The changes suggested included the dismissal of the government and the formation of a new cabinet. According to existing documents, this clergyman was Shari' atmadari. Subsequently, the Shah dismissed the government and appointed Sharif Imami, who was the President of the Senate and was from a clerical background, to head the new cabinet. Imami called his new government the "government of reconciliation,' and in a speech given at the beginning of his premiership, he introduced himself as the pious son of a clergyman and a follower of Mr. Shari'atmadari. In an attempt to calm the situation, he embarked on a series of cosmetic reforms: limits on the activities of political parties were lifted; the imperial calendar foisted on Iran by the Shah three years before was abandoned and the Muslim (hijra) one was reintroduced; such people as Hojabr Yazdani and General Nematullah Nassiri among others were dismissed from their posts or arrested; casinos and gambling houses, which up until the previous day Imam had himself, as head of the Pahiavi Foundation, administered, were closed; and censorship was relaxed. In addition, steps were taken for getting Imam out of Iraq
this in fact was what the Iraqi regime itself wanted because of the increasing attention paid to Imam by Iraq's own Shi'i population, and the motive behind this particular move on the part of the Iranian regime was the supposition that changing Imam' s place of exile would cut his ties with the Iranian nation. Sharif Imami worked on the assumption that by giving into enough of the people's demands he could mollify the opposition and thus save the position of the Shah. The appointment of Sharif Imami as new prime minister was a calculated move on the part of the Shah, Imami was the son of a clergyman, one Sharif ul
' Ulama Gulpaygani; he held the highest rank in the Freemasons in Iran and was the successor of Zaka ul
Mulk Furuqi; although he was connected to imperial groups, he Was not a member of the Iran Novin or the Rastakhiz parties. During the crisis of 1960, Imami assisted the Shah and he was charged with forming a government in September of that year instead of Dr. Manuchehr Iqbal. However, Sharif Imami was seen as being too Closely connected to the regime and he was among that group of people who had taken millions of dollars worth of foreign currency out of the country. Thus, his moves were lost In the momentum of the revolution and the slogan of "Death to the Shah" arose from every Corner of Iran eventually forcing the regime to bring in a military government.

106 - Refer to footnote 11 of Speech 3 1.

1107 - Refer to footnote 9 of Speech 31.

108 - The British transported Riza Shah first to Mauritius, an island in the Indian ocean situated about 850 kilometres east of Madagascar to the south
east of Africa, and then to Johannesburg where he died on July 26, 1944.

109 - Mission For My Country the ghost written autobiography of the Shah that appeared in a number of languages in 1961.

110 - In 1848, the country's first secular high school was established, the Dar al
Fonun (Abode of Learning). The Dar al Fonun, whose students were mostly suns of the aristocracy, offered classes in foreign languages, political science. engineering, agriculture, mineralogy, medicine, veterinary medicine, military sciences and band music.

111 - Refer to footnote 4 of Speech 31.

112 - Shimr the Umayyad general who martyred lmam Husayn during the battle at Karbala.

113 - Refer to footnote 5 of Speech 31.

114 - Refer to footnote 3 of Speech 33.

115 - The appointment of Sharif Imami as Prime Minister (October 1960 to April 1961 ~Shahrivar 1339
Urdibihisht 1340 AHS)) was a result of the open opposition of that time between Russia and the West on one side and Britain and America on the other, for the security of their respective interests in Iran. As a result of pressure from London and Moscow and through the political activities of agents connected to Britain in the Shah's Court, Sharif Imami took control of affairs. During his premiership British infiltration increased considerably, Russia was granted certain concessions and negotiations between Tehran and Moscow got underway. America's reaction to this state of affairs and the pressure it thereby exerted upon Iran forced the Shah to dismiss Sharif lmami and replace him with 'Au Amini. During Amini's premiership (April 1961 Lu June 1962 (Urdibihisht 1340
Tir 1341 AHS)) the Iranian Parliament was closed; a loan was received from America; for the sake of appearances a few military officials and the chief adviser to Sharif Imami were arrested; relations between Russia and Iran became strained; and American infiltration increased in the country. Refer to Siyohaft Sal, pp. 41
44.

116 - The book Towards the Great Civilisation was published under the name of Muhammad Riza Shah in 1977 (or, as some contend, in 1976), by "The Centre for Research into and Publication of Political Culture Prevalent During the Reign of the Pahlavis." The false, mendacious and fanciful issues raised in this book even came under criticism from the Shah's own partisans and supporters abroad. Fereidun Hoveyda, who translated the book into French writes: "In my opinion, the book Towards the Great Civilisation is no more than a world of fantasy . . . and it is a far cry from reality." Similarly, the Iranian ambassador to England said that "in a way the book amounted to the depiction of an hallucination which was the outcome of the mental discharge of a demented, infirm individual."

117 - Refer to footnote 22 of Speech 32.

118 - Refer to footnote 21 of speech 32.

116 - Following the referendum of 1963, the Shah, on January 28, 1963 (Bahman 8, 1341 AHS) said: "By the will of God and with the endeavours of the people of Iran we will create a country m this part of the world which will compare with the most advanced of countries in all aspects." And on March 21, 1963 (Farvardin 1, 1342 AHS) he said: "In the future, Iranian society will be based purely on social justice, the equitable division and distribution of wealth.. .and a minimum standard of living will be guaranteed for all. I can see evidence now of the prosperous, happy society to come." A few years earlier, on October 4 1959 (Mehr 12 1338 AHS) the Shah had said Our efforts are aimed at eliminating social distances and bringing all the people of the country from the cities and the villages together m this caravan along the road of civilisation (From the book A Selection of the Writings and Speeches of the Shahanshah Aryamehr) It is interesting that after sixteen years of the Shah s so

117 - called reforms the Ittila at newspaper on October 15 1978 (Mehr 23 1357 AHS) reported that During a visit by the Prune Minister Ja far Sharif Imami to the southern regions of Tehran the Premier greatly distressed at the prevailing situation there ordered that steps be taken immediately to solve the problems and meet the needs of the southern city dwellers, especially with regard to asphalting the roads and providing them with water and electricity"! However, his show of concern came too late and the people of Iran, particularly those living in the southern slum areas of Tehran, had come to realise that their problems were caused by the policies of the Shah and the many years of American interference in Iranian affairs.

120 - Refer to footnote 12 of Speech 31.