Fotnote

1 - From September 23, 1978 (Mehr 1, 1357 AHS), when the news broke of Imam's house arrest in Najaf by Iraqi Ba'athist forces, and again from the time Imam left Najaf until the moment he arrived in Paris, a wave of anger and protest erupted nationwide, people staging demonstrations in many Iranian cities (see press reports carried during this period). The maraji '
1 zaqlid of Qum sent both individual telegams and a joint statement to Hasan al Bakr, the Iraqi President, and to Hazrat Ayatullah Khui. In these statements, they called for immediate steps to be taken to lift the house arrest under which Imam was placed and to arrange for Imam's return to Iran. Other statements along these lines were also issued by the 'ulama of Tehran, the people of Qum and various social groups. Refer to Nihzat
i Ruhaniyun , i Iran, Vol. 8, p. 115.

2 - On September 18, 1978 (Shahrivar 27, 1357 AHS), the Iranian ambassador to Iraq met with Saddam Husayn, the then Iraqi vice
president, and requested the Iraqi government to arrange for stringent restrictions to be placed upon Imam Khomeini s activities in Najaf. Towards the end of Shahrivar (September) 1978, the Iranian Foreign Minister went to America to attend the general joint assemblies held by the United Nations Organisation. Throughout the course of these meetings, he held talks with the Iraqi Foreign Minister on three different occasions, during which he petitioned Iraq to expel Imam. He succeeded in gaining the approval of the American and Israeli Foreign Ministers with regard to the outcome of the discussions he had held, and at the end of the talks stated that steps to expel Imam were already being taken. Once this agreement had been reached, on September 23, 1978 (Mehr 1, 1357 AHS), Imam's home in Najaf was surrounded and placed under the surveillance of Iraqi troops, and Imam was asked to desist from giving interviews to news reporters and from delivering speeches and writing statements. However, he paid no attention to the warning given by Iraq. News of Imams house arrest in Najaf prompted a wave of protest among the revolutionary Muslims worldwide, and in particular, among the Muslim people of Iran who were in the midst of an Islamic movement.Maraji', 'ulama, clergymen and political figures both from inside Iran and from abroad objected to the measures which had been taken in Najaf by publishing announcements and sending telegrams to various societies; whilst bazaar merchants, workers, members of the university and those from other sectors of society went on strike and took to holding protest marches, blaming the Iranian regime for the measures taken by Iraq. As the situation deteriorated, bloody clashes broke out on several occasions between demonstrators and government troops. In the meantime, SAVAK, in an effort to deceive the people, announced that there was no truth in the claim that Imams movements had been restricted or that he was under house arrest. The people however, who closely followed any news and events with regard to Najaf, would not he brought to rest, and thus the Iranian regime was forced to turn to the Iraqi authorities for help. On October 2, 1978 (Mehr 10, 1357 AHS), an Iranian delegation of top security officials arrived in Baghdad and met with Sa' dun Shakir. After talks, it was decided that to continue taking restrictive measures was to no avail, but that at the same time neither would it be in the interests of Iran or Iraq to allow Imam complete freedom. Hence, they planned to indirectly force Imam to leave Iraq by bringing pressure to bear on his close relatives and friends. Evetitually Imam left Iraq with the intention of heading for Syria via Kuwait. The Kuwaiti authorities did not permit Imam to enter their country however, leaving Imam no choice but to return to Iraq. Since lmam knew that none of the Islamic countries would permit him to engage in political activities, both because of the influence wielded by America within the Islamic states, and the latter s friendly relations with the Shah, he eventually went to Paris. For details of this historic migration and of events, which occurred in Paris, refer to the Introduction to the present speech (31) and to those speeches delivered by Imam in Paris.

3 - The Shah.

4 - Founded in 1848 by Amir Kabir, Dar al
Fonun in Tehran was the first modern madrasa to be established in Iran. The two other madrasas, which had been founded prior to this in Iran, were that in Urumiya, founded in 1835 by an American named Parkins, and the madrasa in Tabriz, set up in 1836 by a French man named Eugine Buret. These two so
called "religious" madrasas had been established by foreigners to serve the particular interests of their own sovereign states.

5 - This is probably a reference to Dr. Fulandir, the famous French haematologist who came to Iran to treat the Shah.

6 - In accordance with the fifteen
year contract, which was concluded between Iran and the Soviet Union in 1967, Iran was to export gas to the Soviet Union via a gas pipeline, which was to be constructed. The amount of gas piped was to have reached 10 billion cubic metres by 1975 meaning that the amount stipulated in the original contract would have to be doubled annually. The Soviet Union had undertaken to pay Iran a sum of 6 dollars and 6 cents in exchange for every 1,000 cubic metres of gas


7 - Following the coup d'etat of Murdad 28 (August 19), Iran's oil was left in the hands of the consortium. The main shareholders of the consortium were American and British oil companies which, with each other's help. Took part in the extraction, processing and sale of Iran's oil. In 1954 (1333 AHS), the National Iranian Oil Company was established under the auspices of the consortium. In principle, this company was responsible for running the Anglo
Iranian Oil Company's administrative affairs and had absolutely nothing to do with the extraction and refinement of oil. The NIOC's share in oil exports from 1969 until 1973 was 0.3%, whereas that of the consortium during the same period was as high as 92% (!)
(the remainder belonging to other foreign companies outside the consortium). Iran's oil revenue in 1975/76 reached 17,441 million dollars. 15,867 million dollars of which came from oil exported via the consortium. The NIOC received 874 million dollars, 700 million dollars going to other oil company shareholders! A comparison of these figures reveals how the consortium, after nationalisation of the oil industry in 1973, had more or less retained its powerful position, whilst also showing the extent to which America and Britain were busy plundering the oil reserves of Iran.

8 - Before the revolution, the Iranian army was unable to use any weapons bought from America without the help of American specialists and advisers. This was due to inadequate training both with regard to the quality and the amount of training given; a deficiency in introductory and foundation course training; and other issues of political Concern. The extent of Iran s military dependency on America was so great that the Iranian army was incapable of managing its own affairs without the daily assistance of America, any kind of aviation or aircraft maintenance only being possible under American Supervision and with the help of their technical expertise. Today, the Iranian army employs military equipment without foreign assistance, and indeed its experts train others in the use of advanced equipment and arms.

9 - The Island of Mauritius.

10 - On November 5, 1941 (Aban 14, 1320 AHS), two months after Riza Khan had fled Iran, British Radio, in one of its political commentaries, openly spoke of Britain's tendentious friendship with Iran and of having brought Riza Khan to power. In this regard it stated: "British political policy in Iran is one based upon friendship: both a friendship with an underlying purpose and a friendship without an underlying purpose. As for the friendship which has no underlying purpose, this is enjoyed by the learned men only, for other than this the friendship held between the British government and Iran or any other country for that matter is not and cannot be void of personal motives... Once we saw how suspicious the Iranian nation was towards the treaty concluded in 1919, believing it to be based upon ulterior motives, we annulled the treaty and instead gave the Iranian government help and encouragement to establish order in its own country. The underlying reason why we gave help and encouragement to Riza Khan was that …our opponents used to accuse us of controlling Riza Shah's actions and claim that whatever he did complied with our instructions. However, this was not in fact the case! When we realised however that Germany's evil designs and the Shah's negligence were endangering our interests, then we were forced to reluctantly take this course of action (i.e. the sending of Riza Khan into exile)". Refer also to Tarikh
i Siyasi yi Mu 'asir Iran, Vol. 1, pp. 127 & 128.

11 - Referring to the first book attributed to the Shah: Mission for my Country. The Shah made claim to being the author of three "great and important" books, and he was convinced that the leaders of underdeveloped countries ought to read these works and achieve development and prosperity for their own countries by adopting the principles and socio
political theories found therein! These books, which were all the product of a specific period of the Shah's reign, are entitled: Mission for my Country, White Revolution, and Towards the Great Civilisation. It seems likely that the author of the latter book was Shuja' eddin Shafa, who had been in charge of cultural affairs during Riza Shah's reign, and was Muhammad Riza Shah's ambassador to London.

12 - On January 26, 1965 (Bahman 6, 1343 AHS), the Shah, in a message delivered to the people of Iran on the occasion of the anniversary of the announcement of the White Revolution (January 26, 1963), said: "He (Riza Khan) had to go. They felt that his son and successor was of the same sentiment as he, and of course this was so. So what was to be done? For two or three days the Allies of that time and the occupiers of Iran were hesitant about recognising the new Iranian regime, that is my rule... .but then they said well, the king must remain but the role of the king must be that of a powerless overseer." This confession was later concealed from the public and all copies of it were collected. Refer to The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty, Memoirs of General Fardust, Vol. l, p. 100.

13 - The Shah's elder sister Shams had a fabulous palace named "Pearl" constructed on the moorland of south Karaj. l'his palace was built with the help of the most esteemed of British architects and the land on which it stood was bedecked with a multitude of beautiful plants and trees. To the west of this palace, SAVAK built "Qizil Hesar," one of the most modern prisons in the country.

14 - On June 8, 1963 (Khurdad 18, 1342 Al
IS), whilst presenting title deeds to farmers, the Shah made an address in which he said: "Just what did the Black Reaction do on Wednesday, Khurdad 15, 1963? It set fire to the library in Shahr Park because it has no use for anything based on knowledge and learning which answers today's needs. It set fire to the sports arena, to vehicles, and to bus ticket booths; and it did this in all likelihood because it believes that in this century, when the world is conquering space, we ought to be riding on donkeys or mules!"

15 - Authors have said that to determine precise statistics with regard to the land and property owned abroad by the Shah and his close relatives is by no means an easy task; and that moreover, a complete list of such possessions is not in fact available. A few examples of such possessions which were owned by the Shah are as follows: several hectares of land in Australia; several large islands in Italy owned by Farah (the Shah's Wife); vast areas of the banks of Geneva Lake; four glorious palaces in the highly sought after areas of Paris and Switzerland; the village of Saint Moritz; an entire ski slope and a Winter palace in Switzerland; several large palaces in California, Texas and Florida. Refer to: Man va Khandan
i Pahlavi, Mas' ud Ansari; Pas az Suqut, Ansari; The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty, Husayn Fardust; Kayhan newspaper, February 25, 1979; The Shah's Last Ride, the Fate of an Ally, William Shawcross, to name but a few.

16 - In several of his speeches the Shah had implied that there would be a price to pay for granting freedom to the people! Both during a speech given to commemorate the opening of the upper and lower Houses of Parliament, and again in an interview given to mark the occasion of Murdad 28 (i.e. the 1953 coup), the Shah said: "1 had said before in response to a question, that this is the price we have to pay in order to achieve freedom. But at that time I didn't think that the price would be so high!' The complete version of this interview was printed in the Ittila'at newspaper of August 19, 1978 (Murdad 28, 1357 AHS).

17 - Nihzai
i Ruhaniyun i Iran, Vol.8, p. 163.

18 - See footnote 1 to Speech 31. For the reader's information, the contents of the official notice sent to imam have to date not been published.

19 - Imam was not fond of giving press interviews. He himself explained the reason for this when he said: "The international press are more concerned with sensationalism and Little
tattle than with the misfortunes of the Iranian people or the repression they have to suffer". On April 24, 1978 (Urdibihisht 4, 1357 AHS), Lucien George, a correspondent for the illustrious and widely
read French newspaper Le Monde, made a request to interview Imam Khomeini. For a long time, those in the West had been waiting for Imam to agree to speak to them to find out the reason for his opposition to the Shah's regime and to discover what his future plans were with regard to the revolution
that is, they wanted to hear Imam himself, this great Sin' i marja', explain the reasons behind the national and religious struggle. Initially Imam did not want to consent to an interview with Le Monde, but once he became aware of the paper's past record and of how it had published certain truths in the past about the state of Iran thus disclosing some of the crimes committed by the Shah, he eventually granted their request to interview him. The interview, which was subsequently held, was totally frank and explicit and turned out to be extremely important. For it had a truly positive impact and stirred much interest in the West, not least because of the papers high reputation and its wide readership.

20 - The Security Organisation.

21 - On September 14, 1978 (Shahrivar 23, 1357 AHS), a group of news reporters from French radio and television came to Baghdad, supposedly in response to an invitation by the Iraqi Radio and Television Broadcasting Company. During the night, this group secretly made for Najaf where they visited Imam and conducted an interview with him. Once the interview and filming had finished, the Iraqis, who had somehow found out about the whole affair, detained the French reporters. Friends of Imam managed to hide the sound tapes on which the interview had been recorded, but the Iraqis destroyed any film and photographs taken during the interview.

22 - Because of Imam's house arrest, none of his messages were transmitted for a two
week period. Meanwhile, a flood of letters protesting about the situation in Najaf began to arrive. Maraji', 'ulama, clergymen and various Iranian political groups and figures from both within Iran and from abroad objected to the Iraqi government's actions. In addition, workers, civil servants and members of the bazaar inside Iran expressed their disgust at the behaviour of both Iran and Iraq by engaging in a general shutdown and Strike. Strike action was taken on September 24 (Mehr 2) by workers at the Abadan oil refinery; on September 25 by employees of the Tehran Telecommunications Company; on September 27 by workers at the Khark oil refinery; and on September 29 by employees of the Water Board and the State Railways.

23 - See the Ittila'at newspaper of October 15, 1978 (Mehr 23, 1357 AHS).

24 - Isfahan was the first city in which martial law was declared. On Thursday and Friday, August 10 and 11, 1978 (Murdad 19
20, 1357 AHS), huge demonstrations and marches were staged in this city, which, due to the intervention of government troops, resulted in a vast number of demonstrators being killed and wounded and a number being held in custody. It was following this that on August 11, 1978, martial law was declared in Isfahan. The first statement to be made by the military governor of Isfahan (Major General Riza Naji), announced the imposition of a curfew, which prohibited the circulation of people between 8 pm and 6 am, and declared the formation of any kind of social grouping in excess of three people categorically forbidden. The following day, Saturday, August 12, 1978, martial law was also declared in Najafabad. Due to the movement's expansion and the continued demonstrations, on September 8, 1978 (Shahrivar 17, 1357 AHS), an official statement was issued which announced that in addition to Isfahan, martial law was also to be declared in Tehran, Qum, Tabriz, Mashhad, Shiraz, Kazerun, Abadan, Ahwaz, Karaj, Qazvin and Jahram. Between 2 pm on Saturday, February 9, 1978, and the morning of Sunday, February 10, the military governor of Tehran issued four different statements numbered 40, 41, 42, and 43. Statement number 40 specified that the hours of curfew were to be from 4.30 pm until 5 am. However, word immediately spread throughout the city that Imam Khomeini had proclaimed the military governor to be without legitimate authority, and thus people were not to obey these regulations. On hearing this, people began to collect sand and sacks and by building barricades across the streets, they in effect broke the imposed curfew. Some of these people carried sidearms and were covered by a group of youngsters who were equipped with firearms, and who turned the streets into fields of combat during the hours of the curfew.

25 - Fereidun jam, the first husband of Shams Pahiavi and a general and commanding officer of the armed forces, later became appointed as the Iranian ambassador to France. He came to Iran during Bakhtiar's premiership, and it was rumoured that he had refused an offer of a position in the Ministry of Defence, after which he went to England. Mr. Jam, who was sixty
four years old at the time, said in an interview with The Sunday Telegraph: "Iran has a bleak future; a future stained with blood". For further information on this loyal monarchist, refer to the memoirs of the former General Husayn Fardust in The Rise and fall of the Pahiavi Dynasty, Vol. 1, pp. 63 and 244.

26 - Apart from the oil of Iran, Arabia and Kuwait, the amount of oil produced by Other Eastern countries was as follows:Iraq 31 billion barrels in 1980 Oman 2.4 billion barrels in 1980 Qatar 5.6 billion barrels in 1978 United Arab Emirates 31.3 billion barrels in 1978 Syria 2 billion barrels in 1980 Bahrain 270 million barrels in 1978.

27 - Kuwait possesses almost 20% of the world's oil deposits. The National Oil Company of Kuwait in which the Kuwaiti government has a 60% shareholding extracts this oil, the remaining shares belonging to American, British and Japanese companies. Kuwait's oil reserves amounted to over 65.4 billion barrels in 1980 and its enormous fields of gas reserves are seen as one of the country's great national assets. 75% of Kuwait's national revenue comes from oil, 15% from foreign investment and trade and the remainder from non
oil industries.

28 - Oil was firstly discovered in the Hijaz in the year 1933 and began to be exported from this country from the year 1938. The Hijaz has the capability of extracting 12 million barrels of oil per day, an amount that it can potentially increase to 16 million barrels. In 1984, its daily oil production amounted to between 7 and 8 million barrels and its total oil reserves have been estimated at approximately 160 billion barrels which constitutes 25% of the globe's proven reserves! Other estimates of the oil reserves in the Hijaz however, have quoted an even greater figure of 250 billion barrels. For a more extensive report refer to: OPEC va Asarat
i Takhribi yi Qaymat i Naft, p. 73.

29 - Massive oil reserves are to be found in many parts of Iran such as Khuzestan, Bakhtaran, Luristan, Kurdistan, Azerbayjan, Gorgan, Mazandaran, Semnan, Qum and Baluchistan. The major oilfields in which oil extraction currently takes place comprise: The oil wells of Masjid i Sulayman, Haftgul, Aqajari, Paznan, Gachsaran, Ahwaz in addition to other wells situated in both on
land and off shore regions. In 1971, Iran's oil reserves were estimated at 80 billion barrels (although the book OPEC va Asarat
i Takhribi yi Qaymat i Naft quotes a figure of 58 billion barrels). Yet forecasts made by experts suggest that Iran's actual oil reserves in fact greatly exceed its proven reserves. For further information refer to: Naft, Siyasat va Kudeta, Vol. 3, from p. 146 onwards.

30 - Once the demonstration and marches staged on Thursday, September 7, 1978 (Shahrivar 16, 1357 AHS) had come to an end, it was announced that the following day's demonstration was to take place at Shuhada Square (Jaleh Square). On Friday morning people set off to reach the Square and by about 6 am those who had gathered numbered 100,000 people. However, armed forces had cordoned off the Square on all four sides and their rifles were aimed towards the people from all directions. At this point, the unexpected announcement declaring that martial law was in force both in Tehran and ten other cities was made over the radio and the regime's forces immediately began to fire at the people. On this day, which later became known as "Black Friday," over 4.000 were actually martyred and hundreds wounded. The Shah's regime however, announced that only 58 people had been killed and 25 wounded!

31 - The bodies of a number of those martyred on Black Friday (Shahrivar 17) were laid to rest in a section of Bihisht
i Zahra cemetery which has since been named "The Martyrs of Shahrivar 17."

32 - On August 29, 1978 (Shahrivar 7, 1357 AHS), just when the movement was escalating. Hun Kuo feng, the Chinese Premier, came to Iran by invitation of the Shah on a four day visit. His stay coincided both with the dissolution of Jamshid Amuzegar's government and the appointment of Sharif Imami' s government, and with the burning of the Rex Cinema in Abadan. The Shah boastfully sensationalised the fact that great nation States such as China still regarded him as a powerful sovereign and that they had pledged their support for him. Hun Kuo
feng however, was hopeful that by accepting the Shah's invitation to come to Iran, he would be able to gain further important concessions from her.

33 - For further information concerning the participation of school children in demonstrations and their embroilment with martial law officers, refer to the newspapers published at that time.

34 - Reference to those misled and uninformed youngsters who, as a result of political propaganda, espouse Communism.

35 - Later the followers of Socialism went even further, whereby on June 8th, 1963 (Khurdad 18, 1342 AHS), only three days after the bloody event of Khurdad 15th when many were martyred, the newspaper Ezvestia of the official Communist Party in Russia, wrote: "Yesterday in the capital of Iran (Tehran), as well as in Mashhad, Qum and other major religious centers of that country, groups of revolutionaries were encouraged to create riots by the religious leaders. They were opposing the governments land reforms and took advantage of the fact that this coincided with the religious ceremonies performed annually to commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Husayn. Shooting proved to be an unsuccessful plea to stop. A few young fanatics looted shops and several cars were overturned. The implementation of anti
feudalist land reforms and the decision to give women the right to vote was opposed by land owners and religious leader.~ from the very start; and now these reactionaries are trying to move from verbal to active opposition." (Published in Ittila 'at and Kayhan. June 10, 1963)

36 - Refer to the introduction to Speech 12 of Volume 1.

37 - On October 15, the Julia 'at newspaper quotes Carter as saying: "Strategically speaking, enjoying good relations with a strong and independent Iran is a matter of vital importance". Carter then pays tribute to the Shah for having established "democratic principles" in Iran saying: "We are aware of the fact that certain people. Oppose the establishment of democracy. This current opposition to the Shah has arisen due to the establishment of democratic principles in Iran, a country where anti
government demonstrations have recently been incited by Leftists and Conservatives"! Carter thus held that the reason for the people's opposition to the Shah was that they had been "granted freedom"! Furthermore, in a meeting held on June 7, 1978 (Khurdad 17, 1357 AHS) with the Iranian Affairs Investigative Committee for the Shah
People Revolution, the Shah said: "True patriots must tolerate the turmoil which has arisen for the present and they are only to make a move when the time is ripe . . . There are those who claim that the granting of freedom has given rise to this uproar and has been the cause of attacks on banks and of Window
smashing. Nevertheless, I say to you that this is the price we have to pay in order to achieve our goal that being to grant as much freedom as possible within the constraints of the law". Refer to Rastakhiz, June 7, 1978.

38 - 'Land Reform' was one of the main principles of neo colonialism, which was urged on all the countries under the dominance of colonialism, from Latin America to Asia and Africa, and was implemented by the governments of these countries in a very similar manner. In 1962 (1342 AHS), the Shah launched the land reform programme as the first tenet of his six
point 'White Revolution,' later renamed the 'Shah People Revolution.' This 'Revolution' was not a revolution at all, rather it was put into effect on the one hand to win the confidence of American capitalism; to show his approval of and co
operation with the new strategy; and to open a new market for the Western economy, and on the other to curb internal discontent and actually prevent a revolution! The reform programme, which was dependent on foreign, especially American investment, dragged the Iranian agrarian economy into bankruptcy, such that a few years after its implementation the country had been changed from a wheat exporter to a major wheat importer. In addition, as a result of the migration of villagers into the towns and cities and their attraction as a cheap work force to the industries and the service sector, over a period of eleven years from 1966
1977 (1345 56 AHS), 20,000 Iranian villages became uninhabited! Refer to Farhang i Danestaniha, page 239 and Tarikh i Novin i Iran, page 219.

39 - Before the so called 'White Revolution,' 25% of Iran's entire population resided in cities, whilst the remainder worked as cattle or crop farmers in villages and small towns. Implementation of the tenets of the 'White Revolution' caused the population of Tehran to rise from 1,300,000 in 1961, to 3,000,000 in 1971, 4,500,000 in 1975 and) 500,000 in 1978! Rural migration came about because the government appropriated the farmers' land, which it then used to set up agricultural shareholding companies. These companies however, did not have the expertise of specialists and experts to draw on; and following the development of various companies in both agriculture and industry, the remaining land which had been shared amongst the farmers was also snatched from the 'r by giant investment companies both in iran and abroad. As a consequence, the farmers' situation seriously deteriorated. Hence, in a state of poverty and misery they automatically became drawn to the big cities where the lure of city life, the privilege of working for the foreign
affiliated industrial factories and the prospect of easily obtained employment offered new hope. However, their migration not only upset the urban way of life but also critically impaired the agriculture in Iran, whereby Iran very soon became transformed into a consumer market for foreign goods. Refer to the memoirs of the former General Husayn Fardust in: The Rise and fall of the Pahiavi Dynasty, Vol. 1, p. 273.

40 - The maraji' i taqlid in Qum also issued a statement on October 15. 1978 (Mehr 23, 1357 AHS) with regard to the day of public mourning proposed for the following day. See the Julia 'a! Newspaper of October 15, 1978.

41 - These comments by the Iraqi government were made because of the pressure of public opinion, and were published at a time when yet another delegation of top officials was sent from Iran to Iraq on October 2, 1978 (Mehr 10, 1357 AHS), to hold talks with Sa'dun Shakir concerning mutual cooperation between the two regimes to tighten the restrictions placed upon Imam Khomeini (see the introduction to volume I of this anthology). In a meeting held in Tehran on October 4, 1978, the American ambassador to Iran states: Talks held between the American Foreign Minister, Vance, and his Iranian counterpart, Afshar, have had a favourable outcome. Mr. Afshar has spoken to the Iraqis in New York, and it would seem that Iran
Iraq relations have improved considerably. "(!) Farazhayi az Tarikh i Inqilab beh Revayat i Asnad i SA VAK va Amrika. It is interesting to note that the American ambassador's remarks were made on the same day that Imam Khomeini was left with no alternative but to leave Najaf and head for the Kuwaiti border.

42 - The press of October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24, 1357 AHS).

43 - In the aftermath of September 8 (Shahrivar 17), the month of October saw the holding of various demonstrations in the cities of Mashhad, Kermanshah, Zanjan, Sanandaj, Mahabad, Arak, Burujird, Dezful, Rasht, Sari, Babul, Tehran, Amul, Iyzeh, Kerman, Khurramabad, 11am and Bukan. The demonstrations in some of these cities ended in bloodshed and those in charge of certain groups were arrested and sent to prison. The civil servants and employees of a number of private and government companies came out on strike; on the whole schools were either totally or partially closed; and the national press closed down from October 11 (Mehr 19) for a four
day period in protest against State censorship.

44 - Having sensed its impotence vis a vis the people's strength, the regime sought to terrorise people and to oust them from the field of combat by planting bombs in various parts of the city and conducting secret attacks. To this end, agents of the regime and SAVAK members coalesced to accomplish these operations by forming clandestine groups called "The Underground Organisation of Revenge" and "The Paykar Committee." Included 'in their operations were the planting of a bomb in the homes of Dr. Matin Daftari and Dariyush Faruhar, and the attack made on a high school in Najafabad in Isfahan. This underground organisation asserted that its prime objective was to protect the country's open political climate! (See the Ittila 'at newspapers of May 1 & 2, 1978 (Urdibihisht 11 & 12, 1357 AHS)). By terrorising well
known figures, this organisation aimed on the one hand to intimidate the combatants and to oust them from the field of combat, and on the other hand it aimed to draw public attention towards those who had been the victims of the regime's aggression and hence to divert public attention from the true leaders of the movement.

45 - Hujjat al Islam Sayyid Abmad Khomeini writes in his memoirs: 'After Imam's release from prison in 1964 (1343 AHS), he was taken to live in a house situated in Davudiya in Tehran. When the regime continued with its threats however, imam warned that on the following day be would attend the mosque, would perform a congregational prayer there (when he would naturally inform the people of what was going on in the country), and would then travel to Qum to continue his activities there. By contrast, when the Shah felt under threat, he issued a warning to the effect that should he, the Shah, be forced to leave Iran, then he would have no reservations about killing twenty million people if necessary in his defence of the royal crown and throne!"

46 - meeting was due to be held at Neauphle
le Chateau to commemorate the fortieth day following the martyrdom of those killed on September 8 (Shahrivar 17). The National Front. The European branch of the Freedom Movement and the students within both groups however, each believed this proposed meeting to exclusively concern their own group, whilst the Muslim Students Confederation in Europe in fact held another meeting elsewhere in Paris
a meeting which Imam was prevented from attending by the French government. It is to these misunderstandings and differences of opinion that lmam refers here, differences which he in fact resolved on this particular occassion by speaking to those concerned. Eventually imam attended the meeting at Neauphle
leChateau where a clerical member of his administrative office delivered a speech.

47 - purgatory (barzakh" in Arabic), meaning barrier, is believed to he an intermediate realm, a period between death and the Day of Judgement where a complete life is lived. Refer to: Eternal Life. By Murtaza Mutahhari, and Resurrection, Judge~nen1 and the Hereafter, by Sayyid Mujtaba Musavi Lari.

48 - On October 9, 1978 (Mehr 17, 1357 AHS), the Ittila'at newspaper, quoting reports from French news agencies and Associated Press, wrote: Meanwhile, according to a report in the same newspaper, as Imam Khomeini entered France and news of measures taken by the French government to restrict his activities came to light, a group of Indonesian clerics, Libyan Muslims and the Algerian government announced their willingness to give him refuge. Also, on Friday October 6 (Mehr 14 AHS), Muslims in Kuwait who had been sorely angered by their government's refusal to allow Imam to enter the country took part in a protest march towards the Kuwait
Iraq border. Ittila'at newspaper, October 9, 1978 (Mehr 17, 1357 AHS).

49 - The Pars news agency on October 16, 1978 (Mehr 24 1357 AHS) reported: "In a telegram addressed to Giscard D'Estaing, three hundred and forty lecturers from the universities of Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz today called on the French President to allow Imam Khomeini freedom of speech during his stay in France. "Taqvim
i Tarikh i lnqilab i Islami Iran, p. 156.

50 - The Ittila'at newspaper of October 9, 1978 (Mehr 17, 1357 AHS).

51 - The idea of a step by step struggle as opposed to Imams more decisive approach was one espoused and propagated by the Freedom Movement and Mr. Shari'atmadari. From what we read in the booklet published by Freedom Movement Publications in Murdad 1357 (July/Aug, 1978), entitled Sama
yi Dowlat i Muvaqqat az Veladat ta Rehlat, the head of this movement had sent a list of proposals to lmam Khomeini in the holy city of Najaf, an excerpt from which reads as follows: "For the time being it is best to direct the thrust of attack towards despotic rule rather than imperial rule! Fighting on two fronts inhibits victory and will be inexpedient in undoing the policy of America and Europe, which is aimed against us and serves to benefit and protect the Shah. All of the recent nationalist and religious movements have been able to make their voices better heard since the time the leaders of these movements welcomed the government's announcement concerning free elections and entering the electoral procedure. Of course, the ultimate goal is to topple the regime but it must be done in stages: firstly the Shah must go; then secondly, we must ensure that his successors govern under supervision and that they operate within the framework of existing laws and civil liberties (i!); and thirdly, we must work towards... establishing a unique Islamic government
something which should be the ultimate goal and target of any Muslim.' By paying attention to the above policy and to the sentences which now follow, bearing in mind when and by whom they were stated, much of the actual conditions which surrounded the struggle in 1977
78 (1356-57 AHS) can be discerned: "The establishment of an Islamic government and of a truly just regime in Iran is an ardent and deep
seated desire of ours, but for the time being, given the present circumstances, what we have in mind and what we are fighting for is the implementation of the constitutional law… one of the issues involved here is the holding of elections..."
an interview conducted with Mr. Shari'atmadari, June 30, 1978 (Fir 9, 1357 AHS). They must point out who the murderer is... The prime culprit is America, and the lesser culprit is the Shah . . . If you should read anything written by some party which suggests that we are demanding nothing more than the implementation of the constitutional law, then this is as good as saying that he (the Shah) must remain."
taken from a speech delivered by imam Khomeini on May 31, 1978. Mr. Bazargan had said: "If we look back in history, we see that sovereign rule in Iran has always been essentially autocratic rather than constitutional and: "The Freedom Movement believes in constitutional law. If the Shah is prepared to implement whatever is contained within the Constitution, then we are ready to accept monarchical rule." He continued: "Two issues are involved here; one is a question of opinion as to whether the Shah will agree to the Constitution; the other is a political concern which asks whether he will abide by this law and whether he is prepared to concede some of his power to those groups which may step forward." Tavakuli had said: "Did those in the Freedom Movement hope that substantial changes Would really and truly come about whilst knowing in their hearts that he (the Shah) would not be prepared to do such a thing (i.e. concede power)?" (Here Tavakuli had underlined the words "really and truly"). Talks held between Mr. Mehdi Bazargan and Engineer Muhammad Tavakuli from the Freedom Movement and John Day
taken from the anthology entitled: Documents from the US Espionage Den, Vol. 2, p. 203.

52 - mission to Iran, p.168.

53 - Confessions of a General, pp. 26 and 27. It needs to be pointed out that in subsequent pages of this book, Qarabaghi confesses that a number of the army commanders, including Oveissi, coveted the premiership and to this end engaged in much calumny in the presence of the Shah. It was common knowledge that as the revolution reached its climax, SAVAK did not curtail its activities in any way nor refrain from its torment and torture of the people, especially those in prison or those in police custody.

54 - The lttila'at newspaper of October 15, 1978 (Mehr 23, 1357 AHS) (on the day that this speech was delivered) wrote in an article: "One Sunday, Hazrat imam refrained from attending a pre
arranged meeting with his followers because of steps taken by the French government to prevent the meeting from taking place." This incident is referred to in the introduction to this speech.

55 - Praying that an evil may be removed or prevented.

56 - Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan (607 80 AD) first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty accepted Islam on the day Mecca was conquered (630 AD). He was the commander of the army during the caliphate of Abu Bakr and at the time of Umar he was first the governor of Jordan and then governor of Damascus, and at the time of Uthman he was responsible for the entire principality of Syria. After the death of Uthman, Hazrat 'Mi (pbuh) was proclaimed caliph and issued orders for Mu' awiya ' s dismissal. However, 'awiya did not comply with imam 'Ali's orders and accused him of involvement in the murder of Uthman and demanded vengeance for his death. During the battle of Siffin, which was fought between Mu' awiya s troops and those of Hazrat Au, 'Amr ibn
al ' As, 'awiya S army commander, on seeing the battle going in 'Au s favour, resorted to a ruse and ordered his soldiers to fasten copies of the Qur'an to their lances and hold them up in the air. This move brought about a dispute amongst 'Ali's followers, the battle was ended and Mu'awiya remained in his principality. After Imam Ali's martyrdom, his son lmam Hassan (pbuh) was forced into a conditional peace with Mu' awiya because of the actions Philip K. Hitti's History of the Arabs and S.H.M. Jafri's The Origins and Early Development of Shi 'a Islam. Also, refer to footnote 6 of Speech 21 in Volume 1

57 - Ma'mun, the son of Harun al Rashid and 'Abbasid caliph from 8 13833 AD ordered his agents to transport Imam Riza, the eighth of the twelve Shi'i Imams, from Medina to Khurasan.

58 - Imam Hasan 'Askari (845
872 AD) the eleventh Imam of the Shi'i faith spent most of his life in the prisons of the 'Abbasid caliphs al
Muhtadi, al Mu'tazz and al Mu'tamid. lmam 'Askari was at times incarcerated and at others kept in close confinement in his home in Samarra under the watchful eye of the caliph, It is for this reason that he and his father are known as the 'askareen because their house was constantly surrounded by the soldiers (Arabic = 'askarun) of the 'Abbasid government.

59 - Zayd ibn 'All (d. 740 AD) was the son of Imam Sajjad the fourth imam and a contemporary of Hisham b. 'AM al
Malik, the Umayyad caliph from 724 743 AD. He was a great man, erudite and pious. He rose up to rectify the affairs of the Muslims and to remove heresy. However, at the very inception of his revolt, he was killed by the Umayyad forces. In his uprising, he never claimed to be an Imam and he openly acknowledged the imamate of his brother Imam Muhammad Baqir and the latter s son Imam Sadiq. Zayd was held in such high esteem that in some of the traditions he is given the title of 'martyr.' Because of his familiarity with and constant recitation of the Qur'an. he became known as "the ally of the Qur'an." Imam Sadiq said about this martyr: "May God have mercy upon my uncle's soul. His revolt constituted nothing other than following the path laid down by his ancestors, and I would have liked to do what he did. His companions who were martyred with him have now joined the martyrs of Karbala.' Maqtal al
Husayn, Kharrazmi. Vol. 2. p. 120. The other Imams also prayed for Zayd and Supported his uprising, however, Zayd and his followers were condemned by the reactionaries because according to them they had started a conflict with the heads of the Umayyads without permission.

60 - Refer to footnote 21 of Speech 32.